Implement the remote enhanced backend

This is a refactored version of the `remote` backend that was initially added to Terraform v0.11.8 which should now be compatible with v0.12.0.

backend/atlas/backend.go

@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ type Backend struct {
 
 var _ backend.Backend = (*Backend)(nil)
 
+// New returns a new initialized Atlas backend.
+func New() *Backend {
+	return &Backend{}
+}
+
 func (b *Backend) ConfigSchema() *configschema.Block {
 	return &configschema.Block{
 		Attributes: map[string]*configschema.Attribute{
@@ -163,16 +168,16 @@ func (b *Backend) Configure(obj cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 
 	return &remote.State{Client: b.stateClient}, nil

backend/atlas/backend_test.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func TestConfigure_envAddr(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.Setenv("ATLAS_ADDRESS", os.Getenv("ATLAS_ADDRESS"))
 	os.Setenv("ATLAS_ADDRESS", "http://foo.com")
 
-	b := &Backend{}
+	b := New()
 	diags := b.Configure(cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
 		"name":         cty.StringVal("foo/bar"),
 		"address":      cty.NullVal(cty.String),
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func TestConfigure_envToken(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.Setenv("ATLAS_TOKEN", os.Getenv("ATLAS_TOKEN"))
 	os.Setenv("ATLAS_TOKEN", "foo")
 
-	b := &Backend{}
+	b := New()
 	diags := b.Configure(cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
 		"name":         cty.StringVal("foo/bar"),
 		"address":      cty.NullVal(cty.String),

backend/atlas/state_client_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func testStateClient(t *testing.T, c map[string]string) remote.Client {
 	}
 	synthBody := configs.SynthBody("<test>", vals)
 
-	b := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, &Backend{}, synthBody)
+	b := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), synthBody)
 	raw, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)

backend/backend.go

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/command/clistate"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
@@ -22,24 +20,35 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 )
 
 // DefaultStateName is the name of the default, initial state that every
 // backend must have. This state cannot be deleted.
 const DefaultStateName = "default"
 
-// ErrWorkspacesNotSupported is an error returned when a caller attempts
-// to perform an operation on a workspace other than "default" for a
-// backend that doesn't support multiple workspaces.
-//
-// The caller can detect this to do special fallback behavior or produce
-// a specific, helpful error message.
-var ErrWorkspacesNotSupported = errors.New("workspaces not supported")
+var (
+	// ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported is returned when an operation does not
+	// support using the default workspace, but requires a named workspace to
+	// be selected.
+	ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported = errors.New("default workspace not supported\n" +
+		"You can create a new workspace with the \"workspace new\" command.")
 
-// ErrNamedStatesNotSupported is an older name for ErrWorkspacesNotSupported.
-//
-// Deprecated: Use ErrWorkspacesNotSupported instead.
-var ErrNamedStatesNotSupported = ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+	// ErrOperationNotSupported is returned when an unsupported operation
+	// is detected by the configured backend.
+	ErrOperationNotSupported = errors.New("operation not supported")
+
+	// ErrWorkspacesNotSupported is an error returned when a caller attempts
+	// to perform an operation on a workspace other than "default" for a
+	// backend that doesn't support multiple workspaces.
+	//
+	// The caller can detect this to do special fallback behavior or produce
+	// a specific, helpful error message.
+	ErrWorkspacesNotSupported = errors.New("workspaces not supported")
+)
+
+// InitFn is used to initialize a new backend.
+type InitFn func() Backend
 
 // Backend is the minimal interface that must be implemented to enable Terraform.
 type Backend interface {
@@ -179,11 +188,12 @@ type Operation struct {
 
 	// The options below are more self-explanatory and affect the runtime
 	// behavior of the operation.
+	AutoApprove  bool
 	Destroy      bool
+	DestroyForce bool
+	Parallelism  int
 	Targets      []addrs.Targetable
 	Variables    map[string]UnparsedVariableValue
-	AutoApprove  bool
-	DestroyForce bool
 
 	// Input/output/control options.
 	UIIn  terraform.UIInput
@@ -244,10 +254,6 @@ type RunningOperation struct {
 	// operation has completed.
 	Result OperationResult
 
-	// ExitCode can be used to set a custom exit code. This enables enhanced
-	// backends to set specific exit codes that miror any remote exit codes.
-	ExitCode int
-
 	// PlanEmpty is populated after a Plan operation completes without error
 	// to note whether a plan is empty or has changes.
 	PlanEmpty bool

backend/init/init.go

@@ -3,27 +3,28 @@
 package init
 
 import (
+	"os"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/disco"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 
-	backendatlas "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/atlas"
-	backendlocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
-	backendartifactory "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/artifactory"
+	backendAtlas "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/atlas"
+	backendLocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
+	backendRemote "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote"
+	backendArtifactory "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/artifactory"
 	backendAzure "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/azure"
-	backendconsul "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/consul"
-	backendetcdv2 "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/etcdv2"
-	backendetcdv3 "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/etcdv3"
+	backendConsul "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/consul"
+	backendEtcdv2 "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/etcdv2"
+	backendEtcdv3 "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/etcdv3"
 	backendGCS "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/gcs"
-	backendhttp "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/http"
-	backendinmem "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/inmem"
+	backendHTTP "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/http"
+	backendInmem "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/inmem"
 	backendManta "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/manta"
 	backendS3 "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/s3"
 	backendSwift "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/remote-state/swift"
-
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 )
 
 // backends is the list of available backends. This is a global variable
@@ -37,27 +38,40 @@ import (
 // complex structures and supporting that over the plugin system is currently
 // prohibitively difficult. For those wanting to implement a custom backend,
 // they can do so with recompilation.
-var backends map[string]func() backend.Backend
+var backends map[string]backend.InitFn
 var backendsLock sync.Mutex
 
+// Init initializes the backends map with all our hardcoded backends.
 func Init(services *disco.Disco) {
-	// Our hardcoded backends. We don't need to acquire a lock here
-	// since init() code is serial and can't spawn goroutines.
-	backends = map[string]func() backend.Backend{
-		"artifactory": func() backend.Backend { return backendartifactory.New() },
-		"atlas":       func() backend.Backend { return &backendatlas.Backend{} },
-		"http":        func() backend.Backend { return backendhttp.New() },
-		"local":       func() backend.Backend { return &backendlocal.Local{} },
-		"consul":      func() backend.Backend { return backendconsul.New() },
-		"inmem":       func() backend.Backend { return backendinmem.New() },
-		"swift":       func() backend.Backend { return backendSwift.New() },
-		"s3":          func() backend.Backend { return backendS3.New() },
-		"azurerm":     func() backend.Backend { return backendAzure.New() },
-		"etcd":        func() backend.Backend { return backendetcdv2.New() },
-		"etcdv3":      func() backend.Backend { return backendetcdv3.New() },
-		"gcs":         func() backend.Backend { return backendGCS.New() },
-		"manta":       func() backend.Backend { return backendManta.New() },
+	backendsLock.Lock()
+	defer backendsLock.Unlock()
 
+	backends = map[string]backend.InitFn{
+		// Enhanced backends.
+		"local": func() backend.Backend { return backendLocal.New() },
+		"remote": func() backend.Backend {
+			b := backendRemote.New(services)
+			if os.Getenv("TF_FORCE_LOCAL_BACKEND") != "" {
+				return backendLocal.NewWithBackend(b)
+			}
+			return b
+		},
+
+		// Remote State backends.
+		"artifactory": func() backend.Backend { return backendArtifactory.New() },
+		"atlas":       func() backend.Backend { return backendAtlas.New() },
+		"azurerm":     func() backend.Backend { return backendAzure.New() },
+		"consul":      func() backend.Backend { return backendConsul.New() },
+		"etcd":        func() backend.Backend { return backendEtcdv2.New() },
+		"etcdv3":      func() backend.Backend { return backendEtcdv3.New() },
+		"gcs":         func() backend.Backend { return backendGCS.New() },
+		"http":        func() backend.Backend { return backendHTTP.New() },
+		"inmem":       func() backend.Backend { return backendInmem.New() },
+		"manta":       func() backend.Backend { return backendManta.New() },
+		"s3":          func() backend.Backend { return backendS3.New() },
+		"swift":       func() backend.Backend { return backendSwift.New() },
+
+		// Deprecated backends.
 		"azure": func() backend.Backend {
 			return deprecateBackend(
 				backendAzure.New(),
@@ -69,7 +83,7 @@ func Init(services *disco.Disco) {
 
 // Backend returns the initialization factory for the given backend, or
 // nil if none exists.
-func Backend(name string) func() backend.Backend {
+func Backend(name string) backend.InitFn {
 	backendsLock.Lock()
 	defer backendsLock.Unlock()
 	return backends[name]
@@ -82,7 +96,7 @@ func Backend(name string) func() backend.Backend {
 // This method sets this backend globally and care should be taken to do
 // this only before Terraform is executing to prevent odd behavior of backends
 // changing mid-execution.
-func Set(name string, f func() backend.Backend) {
+func Set(name string, f backend.InitFn) {
 	backendsLock.Lock()
 	defer backendsLock.Unlock()
 

backend/init/init_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ func TestInit_backend(t *testing.T) {
 		Type string
 	}{
 		{"local", "*local.Local"},
+		{"remote", "*remote.Remote"},
 		{"atlas", "*atlas.Backend"},
 		{"azurerm", "*azure.Backend"},
 		{"consul", "*consul.Backend"},
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ func TestInit_forceLocalBackend(t *testing.T) {
 		Type string
 	}{
 		{"local", "nil"},
+		{"remote", "*remote.Remote"},
 	}
 
 	// Set the TF_FORCE_LOCAL_BACKEND flag so all enhanced backends will

backend/local/backend.go

@@ -12,14 +12,13 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
-	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/command/clistate"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configschema"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/helper/schema"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/colorstring"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
@@ -96,12 +95,25 @@ type Local struct {
 	// exact commands that are being run.
 	RunningInAutomation bool
 
+	// opLock locks operations
 	opLock sync.Mutex
-	once   sync.Once
 }
 
 var _ backend.Backend = (*Local)(nil)
 
+// New returns a new initialized local backend.
+func New() *Local {
+	return NewWithBackend(nil)
+}
+
+// NewWithBackend returns a new local backend initialized with a
+// dedicated backend for non-enhanced behavior.
+func NewWithBackend(backend backend.Backend) *Local {
+	return &Local{
+		Backend: backend,
+	}
+}
+
 func (b *Local) ConfigSchema() *configschema.Block {
 	if b.Backend != nil {
 		return b.Backend.ConfigSchema()
@@ -116,8 +128,6 @@ func (b *Local) ConfigSchema() *configschema.Block {
 				Type:     cty.String,
 				Optional: true,
 			},
-			// environment_dir was previously a deprecated alias for
-			// workspace_dir, but now removed.
 		},
 	}
 }
@@ -342,7 +352,7 @@ func (b *Local) Operation(ctx context.Context, op *backend.Operation) (*backend.
 	return runningOp, nil
 }
 
-// opWait wats for the operation to complete, and a stop signal or a
+// opWait waits for the operation to complete, and a stop signal or a
 // cancelation signal.
 func (b *Local) opWait(
 	doneCh <-chan struct{},
@@ -416,7 +426,10 @@ func (b *Local) ReportResult(op *backend.RunningOperation, diags tfdiags.Diagnos
 		// Shouldn't generally happen, but if it does then we'll at least
 		// make some noise in the logs to help us spot it.
 		if len(diags) != 0 {
-			log.Printf("[ERROR] Local backend needs to report diagnostics but ShowDiagnostics callback is not set: %s", diags.ErrWithWarnings())
+			log.Printf(
+				"[ERROR] Local backend needs to report diagnostics but ShowDiagnostics is not set:\n%s",
+				diags.ErrWithWarnings(),
+			)
 		}
 	}
 }

backend/local/backend_apply.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"log"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/errwrap"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statefile"
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ func (b *Local) opApply(
 	log.Printf("[INFO] backend/local: starting Apply operation")
 
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
-	var err error
 
 	// If we have a nil module at this point, then set it to an empty tree
 	// to avoid any potential crashes.
@@ -33,7 +31,9 @@ func (b *Local) opApply(
 		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
 			tfdiags.Error,
 			"No configuration files",
-			"Apply requires configuration to be present. Applying without a configuration would mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. If you would like to destroy everything, run 'terraform destroy' instead.",
+			"Apply requires configuration to be present. Applying without a configuration "+
+				"would mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. "+
+				"If you would like to destroy everything, run 'terraform destroy' instead.",
 		))
 		b.ReportResult(runningOp, diags)
 		return
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ func (b *Local) opApply(
 
 	// Store the final state
 	runningOp.State = applyState
-	err = statemgr.WriteAndPersist(opState, applyState)
+	err := statemgr.WriteAndPersist(opState, applyState)
 	if err != nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(b.backupStateForError(applyState, err))
 		b.ReportResult(runningOp, diags)

backend/local/backend_plan.go

@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ func (b *Local) opPlan(
 	log.Printf("[INFO] backend/local: starting Plan operation")
 
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
-	var err error
 
-	if b.CLI != nil && op.PlanFile != nil {
+	if op.PlanFile != nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
 			tfdiags.Error,
 			"Can't re-plan a saved plan",
-			"The plan command was given a saved plan file as its input. This command generates a new plan, and so it requires a configuration directory as its argument.",
+			"The plan command was given a saved plan file as its input. This command generates "+
+				"a new plan, and so it requires a configuration directory as its argument.",
 		))
 		b.ReportResult(runningOp, diags)
 		return
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ func (b *Local) opPlan(
 		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
 			tfdiags.Error,
 			"No configuration files",
-			"Plan requires configuration to be present. Planning without a configuration would mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. If you would like to destroy everything, run plan with the -destroy option. Otherwise, create a Terraform configuration file (.tf file) and try again.",
+			"Plan requires configuration to be present. Planning without a configuration would "+
+				"mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. If you "+
+				"would like to destroy everything, run plan with the -destroy option. Otherwise, "+
+				"create a Terraform configuration file (.tf file) and try again.",
 		))
 		b.ReportResult(runningOp, diags)
 		return
@@ -122,7 +125,9 @@ func (b *Local) opPlan(
 		if op.PlanOutBackend == nil {
 			// This is always a bug in the operation caller; it's not valid
 			// to set PlanOutPath without also setting PlanOutBackend.
-			diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("PlanOutPath set without also setting PlanOutBackend (this is a bug in Terraform)"))
+			diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(
+				"PlanOutPath set without also setting PlanOutBackend (this is a bug in Terraform)"),
+			)
 			b.ReportResult(runningOp, diags)
 			return
 		}
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ func (b *Local) opPlan(
 		plannedStateFile := statemgr.PlannedStateUpdate(opState, baseState)
 
 		log.Printf("[INFO] backend/local: writing plan output to: %s", path)
-		err = planfile.Create(path, configSnap, plannedStateFile, plan)
+		err := planfile.Create(path, configSnap, plannedStateFile, plan)
 		if err != nil {
 			diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
 				tfdiags.Error,

backend/local/backend_test.go

@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestLocal_impl(t *testing.T) {
-	var _ backend.Enhanced = new(Local)
-	var _ backend.Local = new(Local)
-	var _ backend.CLI = new(Local)
+	var _ backend.Enhanced = New()
+	var _ backend.Local = New()
+	var _ backend.CLI = New()
 }
 
 func TestLocal_backend(t *testing.T) {
 	defer testTmpDir(t)()
-	b := &Local{}
+	b := New()
 	backend.TestBackendStates(t, b)
 	backend.TestBackendStateLocks(t, b, b)
 }
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func checkState(t *testing.T, path, expected string) {
 }
 
 func TestLocal_StatePaths(t *testing.T) {
-	b := &Local{}
+	b := New()
 
 	// Test the defaults
 	path, out, back := b.StatePaths("")
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func TestLocal_addAndRemoveStates(t *testing.T) {
 	dflt := backend.DefaultStateName
 	expectedStates := []string{dflt}
 
-	b := &Local{}
+	b := New()
 	states, err := b.Workspaces()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -207,13 +207,11 @@ func (b *testDelegateBackend) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
 // verify that the MultiState methods are dispatched to the correct Backend.
 func TestLocal_multiStateBackend(t *testing.T) {
 	// assign a separate backend where we can read the state
-	b := &Local{
-		Backend: &testDelegateBackend{
-			stateErr:  true,
-			statesErr: true,
-			deleteErr: true,
-		},
-	}
+	b := NewWithBackend(&testDelegateBackend{
+		stateErr:  true,
+		statesErr: true,
+		deleteErr: true,
+	})
 
 	if _, err := b.StateMgr("test"); err != errTestDelegateState {
 		t.Fatal("expected errTestDelegateState, got:", err)

backend/local/testing.go

@@ -21,30 +21,30 @@ import (
 // public fields without any locks.
 func TestLocal(t *testing.T) (*Local, func()) {
 	t.Helper()
-
 	tempDir := testTempDir(t)
-	var local *Local
-	local = &Local{
-		StatePath:         filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate"),
-		StateOutPath:      filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate"),
-		StateBackupPath:   filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate.bak"),
-		StateWorkspaceDir: filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate.d"),
-		ContextOpts:       &terraform.ContextOpts{},
-		ShowDiagnostics: func(vals ...interface{}) {
-			var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
-			diags = diags.Append(vals...)
-			for _, diag := range diags {
-				// NOTE: Since the caller here is not directly the TestLocal
-				// function, t.Helper doesn't apply and so the log source
-				// isn't correctly shown in the test log output. This seems
-				// unavoidable as long as this is happening so indirectly.
-				t.Log(diag.Description().Summary)
-				if local.CLI != nil {
-					local.CLI.Error(diag.Description().Summary)
-				}
+
+	local := New()
+	local.StatePath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate")
+	local.StateOutPath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate")
+	local.StateBackupPath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate.bak")
+	local.StateWorkspaceDir = filepath.Join(tempDir, "state.tfstate.d")
+	local.ContextOpts = &terraform.ContextOpts{}
+
+	local.ShowDiagnostics = func(vals ...interface{}) {
+		var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+		diags = diags.Append(vals...)
+		for _, diag := range diags {
+			// NOTE: Since the caller here is not directly the TestLocal
+			// function, t.Helper doesn't apply and so the log source
+			// isn't correctly shown in the test log output. This seems
+			// unavoidable as long as this is happening so indirectly.
+			t.Log(diag.Description().Summary)
+			if local.CLI != nil {
+				local.CLI.Error(diag.Description().Summary)
 			}
-		},
+		}
 	}
+
 	cleanup := func() {
 		if err := os.RemoveAll(tempDir); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal("error cleanup up test:", err)
@@ -86,36 +86,80 @@ func TestLocalProvider(t *testing.T, b *Local, name string, schema *terraform.Pr
 
 }
 
-// TestNewLocalSingle is a factory for creating a TestLocalSingleState.
-// This function matches the signature required for backend/init.
-func TestNewLocalSingle() backend.Backend {
-	return &TestLocalSingleState{}
-}
-
 // TestLocalSingleState is a backend implementation that wraps Local
 // and modifies it to only support single states (returns
-// ErrNamedStatesNotSupported for multi-state operations).
+// ErrWorkspacesNotSupported for multi-state operations).
 //
 // This isn't an actual use case, this is exported just to provide a
 // easy way to test that behavior.
 type TestLocalSingleState struct {
-	Local
+	*Local
 }
 
-func (b *TestLocalSingleState) State(name string) (statemgr.Full, error) {
+// TestNewLocalSingle is a factory for creating a TestLocalSingleState.
+// This function matches the signature required for backend/init.
+func TestNewLocalSingle() backend.Backend {
+	return &TestLocalSingleState{Local: New()}
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalSingleState) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalSingleState) DeleteWorkspace(string) error {
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalSingleState) StateMgr(name string) (statemgr.Full, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 
 	return b.Local.StateMgr(name)
 }
 
-func (b *TestLocalSingleState) States() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+// TestLocalNoDefaultState is a backend implementation that wraps
+// Local and modifies it to support named states, but not the
+// default state. It returns ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported when
+// the DefaultStateName is used.
+type TestLocalNoDefaultState struct {
+	*Local
 }
 
-func (b *TestLocalSingleState) DeleteState(string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+// TestNewLocalNoDefault is a factory for creating a TestLocalNoDefaultState.
+// This function matches the signature required for backend/init.
+func TestNewLocalNoDefault() backend.Backend {
+	return &TestLocalNoDefaultState{Local: New()}
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalNoDefaultState) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
+	workspaces, err := b.Local.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	filtered := workspaces[:0]
+	for _, name := range workspaces {
+		if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
+			filtered = append(filtered, name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return filtered, nil
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalNoDefaultState) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
+	if name == backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported
+	}
+	return b.Local.DeleteWorkspace(name)
+}
+
+func (b *TestLocalNoDefaultState) StateMgr(name string) (statemgr.Full, error) {
+	if name == backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return nil, backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported
+	}
+	return b.Local.StateMgr(name)
 }
 
 func testTempDir(t *testing.T) string {

backend/remote-state/artifactory/backend.go

@@ -83,16 +83,16 @@ func (b *Backend) configure(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 	return &remote.State{
 		Client: b.client,

backend/remote-state/backend.go

@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ func (b *Backend) Configure(obj cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (statemgr.Full, error) {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (statemgr.Full, error) {
 	}
 
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 
 	s := &remote.State{Client: b.client}

backend/remote-state/etcdv2/backend.go

@@ -76,16 +76,16 @@ func (b *Backend) configure(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 	return &remote.State{
 		Client: &EtcdClient{

backend/remote-state/http/backend.go

@@ -151,16 +151,16 @@ func (b *Backend) configure(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 
 	return &remote.State{Client: b.client}, nil
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }

backend/remote-state/manta/backend.go

@@ -61,18 +61,10 @@ func New() backend.Backend {
 				Required: true,
 			},
 
-			"objectName": {
-				Type:       schema.TypeString,
-				Optional:   true,
-				Default:    "terraform.tfstate",
-				Deprecated: "please use the object_name attribute",
-			},
-
 			"object_name": {
 				Type:     schema.TypeString,
 				Optional: true,
-				// Set this default once the objectName attribute is removed!
-				// Default:  "terraform.tfstate",
+				Default:  "terraform.tfstate",
 			},
 		},
 	}

backend/remote-state/manta/backend_test.go

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ func TestBackend(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "testState"
 
 	b := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	createMantaFolder(t, b.storageClient, directory)
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ func TestBackendLocked(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "testState"
 
 	b1 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	b2 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	createMantaFolder(t, b1.storageClient, directory)

backend/remote-state/manta/client_test.go

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ func TestRemoteClient(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "testState"
 
 	b := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	createMantaFolder(t, b.storageClient, directory)
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ func TestRemoteClientLocks(t *testing.T) {
 	keyName := "testState"
 
 	b1 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	b2 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":       directory,
-		"objectName": keyName,
+		"path":        directory,
+		"object_name": keyName,
 	})).(*Backend)
 
 	createMantaFolder(t, b1.storageClient, directory)

backend/remote-state/swift/backend_state.go

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (b *Backend) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
-	return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
-	return backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+	return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
 	if name != backend.DefaultStateName {
-		return nil, backend.ErrNamedStatesNotSupported
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
 	}
 
 	client := &RemoteClient{

backend/remote/backend.go

@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configschema"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/helper/schema"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state/remote"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/disco"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/version"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/colorstring"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultHostname    = "app.terraform.io"
+	defaultParallelism = 10
+	serviceID          = "tfe.v2"
+)
+
+// Remote is an implementation of EnhancedBackend that performs all
+// operations in a remote backend.
+type Remote struct {
+	// CLI and Colorize control the CLI output. If CLI is nil then no CLI
+	// output will be done. If CLIColor is nil then no coloring will be done.
+	CLI      cli.Ui
+	CLIColor *colorstring.Colorize
+
+	// ShowDiagnostics prints diagnostic messages to the UI.
+	ShowDiagnostics func(vals ...interface{})
+
+	// ContextOpts are the base context options to set when initializing a
+	// new Terraform context. Many of these will be overridden or merged by
+	// Operation. See Operation for more details.
+	ContextOpts *terraform.ContextOpts
+
+	// client is the remote backend API client
+	client *tfe.Client
+
+	// hostname of the remote backend server
+	hostname string
+
+	// organization is the organization that contains the target workspaces
+	organization string
+
+	// workspace is used to map the default workspace to a remote workspace
+	workspace string
+
+	// prefix is used to filter down a set of workspaces that use a single
+	// configuration
+	prefix string
+
+	// schema defines the configuration for the backend
+	schema *schema.Backend
+
+	// services is used for service discovery
+	services *disco.Disco
+
+	// opLock locks operations
+	opLock sync.Mutex
+}
+
+var _ backend.Backend = (*Remote)(nil)
+
+// New creates a new initialized remote backend.
+func New(services *disco.Disco) *Remote {
+	return &Remote{
+		services: services,
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) ConfigSchema() *configschema.Block {
+	return &configschema.Block{
+		Attributes: map[string]*configschema.Attribute{
+			"hostname": {
+				Type:        cty.String,
+				Optional:    true,
+				Description: schemaDescriptions["hostname"],
+			},
+			"organization": {
+				Type:        cty.String,
+				Required:    true,
+				Description: schemaDescriptions["organization"],
+			},
+			"token": {
+				Type:        cty.String,
+				Optional:    true,
+				Description: schemaDescriptions["token"],
+			},
+		},
+
+		BlockTypes: map[string]*configschema.NestedBlock{
+			"workspaces": {
+				Block: configschema.Block{
+					Attributes: map[string]*configschema.Attribute{
+						"name": {
+							Type:        cty.String,
+							Optional:    true,
+							Description: schemaDescriptions["name"],
+						},
+						"prefix": {
+							Type:        cty.String,
+							Optional:    true,
+							Description: schemaDescriptions["prefix"],
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				Nesting: configschema.NestingSingle,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) ValidateConfig(obj cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	if val := obj.GetAttr("organization"); !val.IsNull() {
+		if val.AsString() == "" {
+			diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+				tfdiags.Error,
+				"Invalid organization value",
+				`The "organization" attribute value must not be empty.`,
+				cty.Path{cty.GetAttrStep{Name: "organization"}},
+			))
+		}
+	}
+
+	var name, prefix string
+	if workspaces := obj.GetAttr("workspaces"); !workspaces.IsNull() {
+		if val := workspaces.GetAttr("name"); !val.IsNull() {
+			name = val.AsString()
+		}
+		if val := workspaces.GetAttr("prefix"); !val.IsNull() {
+			prefix = val.AsString()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that we have either a workspace name or a prefix.
+	if name == "" && prefix == "" {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Invalid workspaces configuration",
+			`Either workspace "name" or "prefix" is required.`,
+			cty.Path{cty.GetAttrStep{Name: "workspaces"}},
+		))
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that only one of workspace name or a prefix is configured.
+	if name != "" && prefix != "" {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Invalid workspaces configuration",
+			`Only one of workspace "name" or "prefix" is allowed.`,
+			cty.Path{cty.GetAttrStep{Name: "workspaces"}},
+		))
+	}
+
+	return diags
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) Configure(obj cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	// Get the hostname.
+	if val := obj.GetAttr("hostname"); !val.IsNull() && val.AsString() != "" {
+		b.hostname = val.AsString()
+	} else {
+		b.hostname = defaultHostname
+	}
+
+	// Get the organization.
+	if val := obj.GetAttr("organization"); !val.IsNull() {
+		b.organization = val.AsString()
+	}
+
+	// Get the workspaces configuration block and retrieve the
+	// default workspace name and prefix.
+	if workspaces := obj.GetAttr("workspaces"); !workspaces.IsNull() {
+		if val := workspaces.GetAttr("name"); !val.IsNull() {
+			b.workspace = val.AsString()
+		}
+		if val := workspaces.GetAttr("prefix"); !val.IsNull() {
+			b.prefix = val.AsString()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Discover the service URL for this host to confirm that it provides
+	// a remote backend API and to discover the required base path.
+	service, err := b.discover(b.hostname)
+	if err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			strings.ToUpper(err.Error()[:1])+err.Error()[1:],
+			`If you are sure the hostname is correct, this could also indicate SSL `+
+				`verification issues. Please use "openssl s_client -connect <HOST>" to `+
+				`identify any certificate or certificate chain issues.`,
+			cty.Path{cty.GetAttrStep{Name: "hostname"}},
+		))
+		return diags
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve the token for this host as configured in the credentials
+	// section of the CLI Config File.
+	token, err := b.token(b.hostname)
+	if err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			strings.ToUpper(err.Error()[:1])+err.Error()[1:],
+			`If you are sure the hostname is correct, this could also indicate SSL `+
+				`verification issues. Please use "openssl s_client -connect <HOST>" to `+
+				`identify any certificate or certificate chain issues.`,
+			cty.Path{cty.GetAttrStep{Name: "hostname"}},
+		))
+		return diags
+	}
+	if token == "" {
+		if val := obj.GetAttr("token"); !val.IsNull() {
+			token = val.AsString()
+		}
+	}
+
+	cfg := &tfe.Config{
+		Address:  service.String(),
+		BasePath: service.Path,
+		Token:    token,
+		Headers:  make(http.Header),
+	}
+
+	// Set the version header to the current version.
+	cfg.Headers.Set(version.Header, version.Version)
+
+	// Create the remote backend API client.
+	b.client, err = tfe.NewClient(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Failed to create the Terraform Enterprise client",
+			fmt.Sprintf(
+				`The "remote" backend encountered an unexpected error while creating the `+
+					`Terraform Enterprise client: %s.`, err,
+			),
+		))
+	}
+
+	return diags
+}
+
+// discover the remote backend API service URL and token.
+func (b *Remote) discover(hostname string) (*url.URL, error) {
+	host, err := svchost.ForComparison(hostname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	service := b.services.DiscoverServiceURL(host, serviceID)
+	if service == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("host %s does not provide a remote backend API", host)
+	}
+	return service, nil
+}
+
+// token returns the token for this host as configured in the credentials
+// section of the CLI Config File. If no token was configured, an empty
+// string will be returned instead.
+func (b *Remote) token(hostname string) (string, error) {
+	host, err := svchost.ForComparison(hostname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	creds, err := b.services.CredentialsForHost(host)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[WARN] Failed to get credentials for %s: %s (ignoring)", host, err)
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	if creds != nil {
+		return creds.Token(), nil
+	}
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+// Workspaces returns a filtered list of remote workspace names.
+func (b *Remote) Workspaces() ([]string, error) {
+	if b.prefix == "" {
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+	}
+	return b.workspaces()
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) workspaces() ([]string, error) {
+	// Check if the configured organization exists.
+	_, err := b.client.Organizations.Read(context.Background(), b.organization)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == tfe.ErrResourceNotFound {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("organization %s does not exist", b.organization)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	options := tfe.WorkspaceListOptions{}
+	switch {
+	case b.workspace != "":
+		options.Search = tfe.String(b.workspace)
+	case b.prefix != "":
+		options.Search = tfe.String(b.prefix)
+	}
+
+	// Create a slice to contain all the names.
+	var names []string
+
+	for {
+		wl, err := b.client.Workspaces.List(context.Background(), b.organization, options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		for _, w := range wl.Items {
+			if b.workspace != "" && w.Name == b.workspace {
+				names = append(names, backend.DefaultStateName)
+				continue
+			}
+			if b.prefix != "" && strings.HasPrefix(w.Name, b.prefix) {
+				names = append(names, strings.TrimPrefix(w.Name, b.prefix))
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Exit the loop when we've seen all pages.
+		if wl.CurrentPage >= wl.TotalPages {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Update the page number to get the next page.
+		options.PageNumber = wl.NextPage
+	}
+
+	// Sort the result so we have consistent output.
+	sort.StringSlice(names).Sort()
+
+	return names, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteWorkspace removes the remote workspace if it exists.
+func (b *Remote) DeleteWorkspace(name string) error {
+	if b.workspace == "" && name == backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported
+	}
+	if b.prefix == "" && name != backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+	}
+
+	// Configure the remote workspace name.
+	switch {
+	case name == backend.DefaultStateName:
+		name = b.workspace
+	case b.prefix != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, b.prefix):
+		name = b.prefix + name
+	}
+
+	// Check if the configured organization exists.
+	_, err := b.client.Organizations.Read(context.Background(), b.organization)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == tfe.ErrResourceNotFound {
+			return fmt.Errorf("organization %s does not exist", b.organization)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	client := &remoteClient{
+		client:       b.client,
+		organization: b.organization,
+		workspace:    name,
+	}
+
+	return client.Delete()
+}
+
+// StateMgr returns the latest state of the given remote workspace. The
+// workspace will be created if it doesn't exist.
+func (b *Remote) StateMgr(name string) (state.State, error) {
+	if b.workspace == "" && name == backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return nil, backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported
+	}
+	if b.prefix == "" && name != backend.DefaultStateName {
+		return nil, backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported
+	}
+
+	workspaces, err := b.workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving workspaces: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	exists := false
+	for _, workspace := range workspaces {
+		if name == workspace {
+			exists = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Configure the remote workspace name.
+	switch {
+	case name == backend.DefaultStateName:
+		name = b.workspace
+	case b.prefix != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, b.prefix):
+		name = b.prefix + name
+	}
+
+	if !exists {
+		options := tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			Name: tfe.String(name),
+		}
+
+		// We only set the Terraform Version for the new workspace if this is
+		// a release candidate or a final release.
+		if version.Prerelease == "" || strings.HasPrefix(version.Prerelease, "rc") {
+			options.TerraformVersion = tfe.String(version.String())
+		}
+
+		_, err = b.client.Workspaces.Create(context.Background(), b.organization, options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error creating workspace %s: %v", name, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	client := &remoteClient{
+		client:       b.client,
+		organization: b.organization,
+		workspace:    name,
+
+		// This is optionally set during Terraform Enterprise runs.
+		runID: os.Getenv("TFE_RUN_ID"),
+	}
+
+	return &remote.State{Client: client}, nil
+}
+
+// Operation implements backend.Enhanced
+func (b *Remote) Operation(ctx context.Context, op *backend.Operation) (*backend.RunningOperation, error) {
+	// Configure the remote workspace name.
+	switch {
+	case op.Workspace == backend.DefaultStateName:
+		op.Workspace = b.workspace
+	case b.prefix != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(op.Workspace, b.prefix):
+		op.Workspace = b.prefix + op.Workspace
+	}
+
+	// Determine the function to call for our operation
+	var f func(context.Context, context.Context, *backend.Operation) (*tfe.Run, error)
+	switch op.Type {
+	case backend.OperationTypePlan:
+		f = b.opPlan
+	case backend.OperationTypeApply:
+		f = b.opApply
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"\n\nThe \"remote\" backend does not support the %q operation.\n"+
+				"Please use the remote backend web UI for running this operation:\n"+
+				"https://%s/app/%s/%s", op.Type, b.hostname, b.organization, op.Workspace)
+	}
+
+	// Lock
+	b.opLock.Lock()
+
+	// Build our running operation
+	// the runninCtx is only used to block until the operation returns.
+	runningCtx, done := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	runningOp := &backend.RunningOperation{
+		Context:   runningCtx,
+		PlanEmpty: true,
+	}
+
+	// stopCtx wraps the context passed in, and is used to signal a graceful Stop.
+	stopCtx, stop := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	runningOp.Stop = stop
+
+	// cancelCtx is used to cancel the operation immediately, usually
+	// indicating that the process is exiting.
+	cancelCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	runningOp.Cancel = cancel
+
+	// Do it.
+	go func() {
+		defer done()
+		defer stop()
+		defer cancel()
+
+		defer b.opLock.Unlock()
+
+		r, opErr := f(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op)
+		if opErr != nil && opErr != context.Canceled {
+			b.ReportResult(runningOp, opErr)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if r != nil {
+			// Retrieve the run to get its current status.
+			r, err := b.client.Runs.Read(cancelCtx, r.ID)
+			if err != nil {
+				b.ReportResult(runningOp, generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err))
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Record if there are any changes.
+			runningOp.PlanEmpty = !r.HasChanges
+
+			if opErr == context.Canceled {
+				if err := b.cancel(cancelCtx, op, r); err != nil {
+					b.ReportResult(runningOp, generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err))
+					return
+				}
+			}
+
+			if r.Status == tfe.RunErrored {
+				runningOp.Result = backend.OperationFailure
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Return the running operation.
+	return runningOp, nil
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) cancel(cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation, r *tfe.Run) error {
+	if r.Status == tfe.RunPending && r.Actions.IsCancelable {
+		// Only ask if the remote operation should be canceled
+		// if the auto approve flag is not set.
+		if !op.AutoApprove {
+			v, err := op.UIIn.Input(&terraform.InputOpts{
+				Id:          "cancel",
+				Query:       "\nDo you want to cancel the pending remote operation?",
+				Description: "Only 'yes' will be accepted to cancel.",
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return generalError("Failed asking to cancel", err)
+			}
+			if v != "yes" {
+				if b.CLI != nil {
+					b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(strings.TrimSpace(operationNotCanceled)))
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
+		} else {
+			if b.CLI != nil {
+				// Insert a blank line to separate the ouputs.
+				b.CLI.Output("")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Try to cancel the remote operation.
+		err := b.client.Runs.Cancel(cancelCtx, r.ID, tfe.RunCancelOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to cancel run", err)
+		}
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(strings.TrimSpace(operationCanceled)))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ReportResult is a helper for the common chore of setting the status of
+// a running operation and showing any diagnostics produced during that
+// operation.
+//
+// If the given diagnostics contains errors then the operation's result
+// will be set to backend.OperationFailure. It will be set to
+// backend.OperationSuccess otherwise. It will then use b.ShowDiagnostics
+// to show the given diagnostics before returning.
+//
+// Callers should feel free to do each of these operations separately in
+// more complex cases where e.g. diagnostics are interleaved with other
+// output, but terminating immediately after reporting error diagnostics is
+// common and can be expressed concisely via this method.
+func (b *Remote) ReportResult(op *backend.RunningOperation, err error) {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	diags = diags.Append(err)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		op.Result = backend.OperationFailure
+	} else {
+		op.Result = backend.OperationSuccess
+	}
+
+	if b.ShowDiagnostics != nil {
+		b.ShowDiagnostics(diags)
+	} else {
+		// Shouldn't generally happen, but if it does then we'll at least
+		// make some noise in the logs to help us spot it.
+		if len(diags) != 0 {
+			log.Printf(
+				"[ERROR] Remote backend needs to report diagnostics but ShowDiagnostics is not set:\n%s",
+				diags.ErrWithWarnings(),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Colorize returns the Colorize structure that can be used for colorizing
+// output. This is guaranteed to always return a non-nil value and so useful
+// as a helper to wrap any potentially colored strings.
+// func (b *Remote) Colorize() *colorstring.Colorize {
+// 	if b.CLIColor != nil {
+// 		return b.CLIColor
+// 	}
+
+// 	return &colorstring.Colorize{
+// 		Colors:  colorstring.DefaultColors,
+// 		Disable: true,
+// 	}
+// }
+
+func generalError(msg string, err error) error {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	if urlErr, ok := err.(*url.Error); ok {
+		err = urlErr.Err
+	}
+
+	switch err {
+	case context.Canceled:
+		return err
+	case tfe.ErrResourceNotFound:
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", msg, err),
+			`The configured "remote" backend returns '404 Not Found' errors for resources `+
+				`that do not exist, as well as for resources that a user doesn't have access `+
+				`to. When the resource does exists, please check the rights for the used token.`,
+		))
+		return diags.Err()
+	default:
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", msg, err),
+			`The configured "remote" backend encountered an unexpected error. Sometimes `+
+				`this is caused by network connection problems, in which case you could retry `+
+				`the command. If the issue persists please open a support ticket to get help `+
+				`resolving the problem.`,
+		))
+		return diags.Err()
+	}
+}
+
+const operationCanceled = `
+[reset][red]The remote operation was successfully cancelled.[reset]
+`
+
+const operationNotCanceled = `
+[reset][red]The remote operation was not cancelled.[reset]
+`
+
+var schemaDescriptions = map[string]string{
+	"hostname":     "The remote backend hostname to connect to (defaults to app.terraform.io).",
+	"organization": "The name of the organization containing the targeted workspace(s).",
+	"token": "The token used to authenticate with the remote backend. If credentials for the\n" +
+		"host are configured in the CLI Config File, then those will be used instead.",
+	"name": "A workspace name used to map the default workspace to a named remote workspace.\n" +
+		"When configured only the default workspace can be used. This option conflicts\n" +
+		"with \"prefix\"",
+	"prefix": "A prefix used to filter workspaces using a single configuration. New workspaces\n" +
+		"will automatically be prefixed with this prefix. If omitted only the default\n" +
+		"workspace can be used. This option conflicts with \"name\"",
+}

backend/remote/backend_apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+)
+
+func (b *Remote) opApply(stopCtx, cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	log.Printf("[INFO] backend/remote: starting Apply operation")
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace used to run this operation in.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Read(stopCtx, b.organization, op.Workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, generalError("Failed to retrieve workspace", err)
+	}
+
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	if !w.Permissions.CanUpdate {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Insufficient rights to apply changes",
+			"The provided credentials have insufficient rights to apply changes. In order "+
+				"to apply changes at least write permissions on the workspace are required.",
+		))
+		return nil, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	if w.VCSRepo != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Apply not allowed for workspaces with a VCS connection",
+			"A workspace that is connected to a VCS requires the VCS-driven workflow "+
+				"to ensure that the VCS remains the single source of truth.",
+		))
+		return nil, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	if op.Parallelism != defaultParallelism {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Custom parallelism values are currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend does not support setting a custom parallelism `+
+				`value at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if op.PlanFile != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Applying a saved plan is currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend currently requires configuration to be present and `+
+				`does not accept an existing saved plan as an argument at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if !op.PlanRefresh {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Applying without refresh is currently not supported",
+			`Currently the "remote" backend will always do an in-memory refresh of `+
+				`the Terraform state prior to generating the plan.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if op.Targets != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Resource targeting is currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend does not support resource targeting at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	variables, parseDiags := b.parseVariableValues(op)
+	diags = diags.Append(parseDiags)
+
+	if len(variables) > 0 {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Run variables are currently not supported",
+			fmt.Sprintf(
+				"The \"remote\" backend does not support setting run variables at this time. "+
+					"Currently the only to way to pass variables to the remote backend is by "+
+					"creating a '*.auto.tfvars' variables file. This file will automatically "+
+					"be loaded by the \"remote\" backend when the workspace is configured to use "+
+					"Terraform v0.10.0 or later.\n\nAdditionally you can also set variables on "+
+					"the workspace in the web UI:\nhttps://%s/app/%s/%s/variables",
+				b.hostname, b.organization, op.Workspace,
+			),
+		))
+	}
+
+	if !op.HasConfig() && !op.Destroy {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"No configuration files found",
+			`Apply requires configuration to be present. Applying without a configuration `+
+				`would mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. `+
+				`If you would like to destroy everything, please run 'terraform destroy' which `+
+				`does not require any configuration files.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	// Return if there are any errors.
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return nil, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	// Run the plan phase.
+	r, err := b.plan(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op, w)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, err
+	}
+
+	// This check is also performed in the plan method to determine if
+	// the policies should be checked, but we need to check the values
+	// here again to determine if we are done and should return.
+	if !r.HasChanges || r.Status == tfe.RunErrored {
+		return r, nil
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve the run to get its current status.
+	r, err = b.client.Runs.Read(stopCtx, r.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err)
+	}
+
+	// Return if the run cannot be confirmed.
+	if !w.AutoApply && !r.Actions.IsConfirmable {
+		return r, nil
+	}
+
+	// Since we already checked the permissions before creating the run
+	// this should never happen. But it doesn't hurt to keep this in as
+	// a safeguard for any unexpected situations.
+	if !w.AutoApply && !r.Permissions.CanApply {
+		// Make sure we discard the run if possible.
+		if r.Actions.IsDiscardable {
+			err = b.client.Runs.Discard(stopCtx, r.ID, tfe.RunDiscardOptions{})
+			if err != nil {
+				if op.Destroy {
+					return r, generalError("Failed to discard destroy", err)
+				}
+				return r, generalError("Failed to discard apply", err)
+			}
+		}
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Insufficient rights to approve the pending changes",
+			fmt.Sprintf("There are pending changes, but the provided credentials have "+
+				"insufficient rights to approve them. The run will be discarded to prevent "+
+				"it from blocking the queue waiting for external approval. To queue a run "+
+				"that can be approved by someone else, please use the 'Queue Plan' button in "+
+				"the web UI:\nhttps://%s/app/%s/%s/runs", b.hostname, b.organization, op.Workspace),
+		))
+		return r, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	mustConfirm := (op.UIIn != nil && op.UIOut != nil) &&
+		((op.Destroy && (!op.DestroyForce && !op.AutoApprove)) || (!op.Destroy && !op.AutoApprove))
+
+	if !w.AutoApply {
+		if mustConfirm {
+			opts := &terraform.InputOpts{Id: "approve"}
+
+			if op.Destroy {
+				opts.Query = "\nDo you really want to destroy all resources in workspace \"" + op.Workspace + "\"?"
+				opts.Description = "Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure, as shown above.\n" +
+					"There is no undo. Only 'yes' will be accepted to confirm."
+			} else {
+				opts.Query = "\nDo you want to perform these actions in workspace \"" + op.Workspace + "\"?"
+				opts.Description = "Terraform will perform the actions described above.\n" +
+					"Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve."
+			}
+
+			if err = b.confirm(stopCtx, op, opts, r, "yes"); err != nil {
+				return r, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		err = b.client.Runs.Apply(stopCtx, r.ID, tfe.RunApplyOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return r, generalError("Failed to approve the apply command", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If we don't need to ask for confirmation, insert a blank
+	// line to separate the ouputs.
+	if w.AutoApply || !mustConfirm {
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output("")
+		}
+	}
+
+	r, err = b.waitForRun(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op, "apply", r, w)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, err
+	}
+
+	logs, err := b.client.Applies.Logs(stopCtx, r.Apply.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve logs", err)
+	}
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(logs)
+
+	skip := 0
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		// Skip the first 3 lines to prevent duplicate output.
+		if skip < 3 {
+			skip++
+			continue
+		}
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(scanner.Text()))
+		}
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to read logs", err)
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+const applyDefaultHeader = `
+[reset][yellow]Running apply in the remote backend. Output will stream here. Pressing Ctrl-C
+will cancel the remote apply if its still pending. If the apply started it
+will stop streaming the logs, but will not stop the apply running remotely.
+To view this run in a browser, visit:
+https://%s/app/%s/%s/runs/%s[reset]
+`

backend/remote/backend_apply_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configload"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/plans/planfile"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
+)
+
+func testOperationApply(t *testing.T, configDir string) (*backend.Operation, func()) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	_, configLoader, configCleanup := configload.MustLoadConfigForTests(t, configDir)
+
+	return &backend.Operation{
+		ConfigDir:    configDir,
+		ConfigLoader: configLoader,
+		Parallelism:  defaultParallelism,
+		PlanRefresh:  true,
+		Type:         backend.OperationTypeApply,
+	}, configCleanup
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithoutPermissions(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+
+	// Create a named workspace without permissions.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Create(
+		context.Background(),
+		b.organization,
+		tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			Name: tfe.String(b.prefix + "prod"),
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating named workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+	w.Permissions.CanUpdate = false
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = "prod"
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "Insufficient rights to apply changes") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a permissions error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithVCS(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+
+	// Create a named workspace with a VCS.
+	_, err := b.client.Workspaces.Create(
+		context.Background(),
+		b.organization,
+		tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			Name:    tfe.String(b.prefix + "prod"),
+			VCSRepo: &tfe.VCSRepoOptions{},
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating named workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = "prod"
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "not allowed for workspaces with a VCS") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a VCS error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithParallelism(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Parallelism = 3
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "parallelism values are currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a parallelism error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithPlan(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.PlanFile = &planfile.Reader{}
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "saved plan is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a saved plan error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithoutRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.PlanRefresh = false
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "refresh is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a refresh error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	addr, _ := addrs.ParseAbsResourceStr("null_resource.foo")
+
+	op.Targets = []addrs.Targetable{addr}
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "targeting is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a targeting error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithVariables(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-variables")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Variables = testVariables(terraform.ValueFromNamedFile, "foo", "bar")
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "variables are currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a variables error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyNoConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/empty")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "configuration files found") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected configuration files error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyNoChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-no-changes")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "No changes. Infrastructure is up-to-date.") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no changes in plan summery: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyNoApprove(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "no",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "Apply discarded") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an apply discarded error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyAutoApprove(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "no",
+	})
+
+	op.AutoApprove = true
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unused answer, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithAutoApply(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+
+	// Create a named workspace that auto applies.
+	_, err := b.client.Workspaces.Create(
+		context.Background(),
+		b.organization,
+		tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			AutoApply: tfe.Bool(true),
+			Name:      tfe.String(b.prefix + "prod"),
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating named workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = "prod"
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unused answer, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyLockTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace used to run this operation in.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, b.organization, b.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error retrieving workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a new configuration version.
+	c, err := b.client.ConfigurationVersions.Create(ctx, w.ID, tfe.ConfigurationVersionCreateOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating configuration version: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a pending run to block this run.
+	_, err = b.client.Runs.Create(ctx, tfe.RunCreateOptions{
+		ConfigurationVersion: c,
+		Workspace:            w,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating pending run: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"cancel":  "yes",
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.StateLockTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	_, err = b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sigint := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigint, syscall.SIGINT)
+	select {
+	case <-sigint:
+		// Stop redirecting SIGINT signals.
+		signal.Stop(sigint)
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatalf("expected lock timeout after 5 seconds, waited 10 seconds")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Lock timeout exceeded") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing lock timout error in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyDestroy(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-destroy")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.Destroy = true
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "0 to add, 0 to change, 1 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "0 added, 0 changed, 1 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyDestroyNoConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/empty")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Destroy = true
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyPolicyPass(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-policy-passed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: true") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing polic check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyPolicyHardFail(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-policy-hard-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "hard failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a policy check error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyPolicySoftFail(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"override": "override",
+		"approve":  "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyPolicySoftFailAutoApprove(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"override": "override",
+	})
+
+	op.AutoApprove = true
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "soft failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a policy check error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyPolicySoftFailAutoApply(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	// Create a named workspace that auto applies.
+	_, err := b.client.Workspaces.Create(
+		context.Background(),
+		b.organization,
+		tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			AutoApply: tfe.Bool(true),
+			Name:      tfe.String(b.prefix + "prod"),
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating named workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"override": "override",
+		"approve":  "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = "prod"
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unused answer, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_applyWithRemoteError(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationApply(t, "./test-fixtures/apply-with-error")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected apply operation to fail")
+	}
+	if run.Result.ExitStatus() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected exit code 1, got %d", run.Result.ExitStatus())
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "null_resource.foo: 1 error") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing apply error in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}

backend/remote/backend_common.go

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+)
+
+// backoff will perform exponential backoff based on the iteration and
+// limited by the provided min and max (in milliseconds) durations.
+func backoff(min, max float64, iter int) time.Duration {
+	backoff := math.Pow(2, float64(iter)/5) * min
+	if backoff > max {
+		backoff = max
+	}
+	return time.Duration(backoff) * time.Millisecond
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) waitForRun(stopCtx, cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation, opType string, r *tfe.Run, w *tfe.Workspace) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	started := time.Now()
+	updated := started
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		select {
+		case <-stopCtx.Done():
+			return r, stopCtx.Err()
+		case <-cancelCtx.Done():
+			return r, cancelCtx.Err()
+		case <-time.After(backoff(1000, 3000, i)):
+			// Timer up, show status
+		}
+
+		// Retrieve the run to get its current status.
+		r, err := b.client.Runs.Read(stopCtx, r.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err)
+		}
+
+		// Return if the run is no longer pending.
+		if r.Status != tfe.RunPending && r.Status != tfe.RunConfirmed {
+			if i == 0 && opType == "plan" && b.CLI != nil {
+				b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf("Waiting for the %s to start...\n", opType)))
+			}
+			if i > 0 && b.CLI != nil {
+				// Insert a blank line to separate the ouputs.
+				b.CLI.Output("")
+			}
+			return r, nil
+		}
+
+		// Check if 30 seconds have passed since the last update.
+		current := time.Now()
+		if b.CLI != nil && (i == 0 || current.Sub(updated).Seconds() > 30) {
+			updated = current
+			position := 0
+			elapsed := ""
+
+			// Calculate and set the elapsed time.
+			if i > 0 {
+				elapsed = fmt.Sprintf(
+					" (%s elapsed)", current.Sub(started).Truncate(30*time.Second))
+			}
+
+			// Retrieve the workspace used to run this operation in.
+			w, err = b.client.Workspaces.Read(stopCtx, b.organization, w.Name)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, generalError("Failed to retrieve workspace", err)
+			}
+
+			// If the workspace is locked the run will not be queued and we can
+			// update the status without making any expensive calls.
+			if w.Locked && w.CurrentRun != nil {
+				cr, err := b.client.Runs.Read(stopCtx, w.CurrentRun.ID)
+				if err != nil {
+					return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve current run", err)
+				}
+				if cr.Status == tfe.RunPending {
+					b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(
+						"Waiting for the manually locked workspace to be unlocked..." + elapsed))
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Skip checking the workspace queue when we are the current run.
+			if w.CurrentRun == nil || w.CurrentRun.ID != r.ID {
+				found := false
+				options := tfe.RunListOptions{}
+			runlist:
+				for {
+					rl, err := b.client.Runs.List(stopCtx, w.ID, options)
+					if err != nil {
+						return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve run list", err)
+					}
+
+					// Loop through all runs to calculate the workspace queue position.
+					for _, item := range rl.Items {
+						if !found {
+							if r.ID == item.ID {
+								found = true
+							}
+							continue
+						}
+
+						// If the run is in a final state, ignore it and continue.
+						switch item.Status {
+						case tfe.RunApplied, tfe.RunCanceled, tfe.RunDiscarded, tfe.RunErrored:
+							continue
+						case tfe.RunPlanned:
+							if op.Type == backend.OperationTypePlan {
+								continue
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Increase the workspace queue position.
+						position++
+
+						// Stop searching when we reached the current run.
+						if w.CurrentRun != nil && w.CurrentRun.ID == item.ID {
+							break runlist
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Exit the loop when we've seen all pages.
+					if rl.CurrentPage >= rl.TotalPages {
+						break
+					}
+
+					// Update the page number to get the next page.
+					options.PageNumber = rl.NextPage
+				}
+
+				if position > 0 {
+					b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf(
+						"Waiting for %d run(s) to finish before being queued...%s",
+						position,
+						elapsed,
+					)))
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
+			options := tfe.RunQueueOptions{}
+		search:
+			for {
+				rq, err := b.client.Organizations.RunQueue(stopCtx, b.organization, options)
+				if err != nil {
+					return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve queue", err)
+				}
+
+				// Search through all queued items to find our run.
+				for _, item := range rq.Items {
+					if r.ID == item.ID {
+						position = item.PositionInQueue
+						break search
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Exit the loop when we've seen all pages.
+				if rq.CurrentPage >= rq.TotalPages {
+					break
+				}
+
+				// Update the page number to get the next page.
+				options.PageNumber = rq.NextPage
+			}
+
+			if position > 0 {
+				c, err := b.client.Organizations.Capacity(stopCtx, b.organization)
+				if err != nil {
+					return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve capacity", err)
+				}
+				b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf(
+					"Waiting for %d queued run(s) to finish before starting...%s",
+					position-c.Running,
+					elapsed,
+				)))
+				continue
+			}
+
+			b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf(
+				"Waiting for the %s to start...%s", opType, elapsed)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) parseVariableValues(op *backend.Operation) (terraform.InputValues, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+	result := make(terraform.InputValues)
+
+	// Load the configuration using the caller-provided configuration loader.
+	config, _, configDiags := op.ConfigLoader.LoadConfigWithSnapshot(op.ConfigDir)
+	diags = diags.Append(configDiags)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return nil, diags
+	}
+
+	variables, varDiags := backend.ParseVariableValues(op.Variables, config.Module.Variables)
+	diags = diags.Append(varDiags)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return nil, diags
+	}
+
+	// Save only the explicitly defined variables.
+	for k, v := range variables {
+		switch v.SourceType {
+		case terraform.ValueFromCLIArg, terraform.ValueFromNamedFile:
+			result[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, diags
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) checkPolicy(stopCtx, cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation, r *tfe.Run) error {
+	if b.CLI != nil {
+		b.CLI.Output("\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n")
+	}
+	for i, pc := range r.PolicyChecks {
+		logs, err := b.client.PolicyChecks.Logs(stopCtx, pc.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to retrieve policy check logs", err)
+		}
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(logs)
+
+		// Retrieve the policy check to get its current status.
+		pc, err := b.client.PolicyChecks.Read(stopCtx, pc.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to retrieve policy check", err)
+		}
+
+		var msgPrefix string
+		switch pc.Scope {
+		case tfe.PolicyScopeOrganization:
+			msgPrefix = "Organization policy check"
+		case tfe.PolicyScopeWorkspace:
+			msgPrefix = "Workspace policy check"
+		default:
+			msgPrefix = fmt.Sprintf("Unknown policy check (%s)", pc.Scope)
+		}
+
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(msgPrefix + ":\n"))
+		}
+
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			if b.CLI != nil {
+				b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(scanner.Text()))
+			}
+		}
+		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to read logs", err)
+		}
+
+		switch pc.Status {
+		case tfe.PolicyPasses:
+			if (op.Type == backend.OperationTypeApply || i < len(r.PolicyChecks)-1) && b.CLI != nil {
+				b.CLI.Output("\n------------------------------------------------------------------------")
+			}
+			continue
+		case tfe.PolicyErrored:
+			return fmt.Errorf(msgPrefix + " errored.")
+		case tfe.PolicyHardFailed:
+			return fmt.Errorf(msgPrefix + " hard failed.")
+		case tfe.PolicySoftFailed:
+			if op.Type == backend.OperationTypePlan || op.UIOut == nil || op.UIIn == nil ||
+				op.AutoApprove || !pc.Actions.IsOverridable || !pc.Permissions.CanOverride {
+				return fmt.Errorf(msgPrefix + " soft failed.")
+			}
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown or unexpected policy state: %s", pc.Status)
+		}
+
+		opts := &terraform.InputOpts{
+			Id:          "override",
+			Query:       "\nDo you want to override the soft failed policy check?",
+			Description: "Only 'override' will be accepted to override.",
+		}
+
+		if err = b.confirm(stopCtx, op, opts, r, "override"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if _, err = b.client.PolicyChecks.Override(stopCtx, pc.ID); err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to override policy check", err)
+		}
+
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output("------------------------------------------------------------------------")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) confirm(stopCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation, opts *terraform.InputOpts, r *tfe.Run, keyword string) error {
+	v, err := op.UIIn.Input(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error asking %s: %v", opts.Id, err)
+	}
+	if v != keyword {
+		// Retrieve the run again to get its current status.
+		r, err = b.client.Runs.Read(stopCtx, r.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err)
+		}
+
+		// Make sure we discard the run if possible.
+		if r.Actions.IsDiscardable {
+			err = b.client.Runs.Discard(stopCtx, r.ID, tfe.RunDiscardOptions{})
+			if err != nil {
+				if op.Destroy {
+					return generalError("Failed to discard destroy", err)
+				}
+				return generalError("Failed to discard apply", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Even if the run was disarding successfully, we still
+		// return an error as the apply command was cancelled.
+		if op.Destroy {
+			return errors.New("Destroy discarded.")
+		}
+		return errors.New("Apply discarded.")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/remote/backend_mock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+)
+
+type mockClient struct {
+	Applies               *mockApplies
+	ConfigurationVersions *mockConfigurationVersions
+	Organizations         *mockOrganizations
+	Plans                 *mockPlans
+	PolicyChecks          *mockPolicyChecks
+	Runs                  *mockRuns
+	StateVersions         *mockStateVersions
+	Workspaces            *mockWorkspaces
+}
+
+func newMockClient() *mockClient {
+	c := &mockClient{}
+	c.Applies = newMockApplies(c)
+	c.ConfigurationVersions = newMockConfigurationVersions(c)
+	c.Organizations = newMockOrganizations(c)
+	c.Plans = newMockPlans(c)
+	c.PolicyChecks = newMockPolicyChecks(c)
+	c.Runs = newMockRuns(c)
+	c.StateVersions = newMockStateVersions(c)
+	c.Workspaces = newMockWorkspaces(c)
+	return c
+}
+
+type mockApplies struct {
+	client  *mockClient
+	applies map[string]*tfe.Apply
+	logs    map[string]string
+}
+
+func newMockApplies(client *mockClient) *mockApplies {
+	return &mockApplies{
+		client:  client,
+		applies: make(map[string]*tfe.Apply),
+		logs:    make(map[string]string),
+	}
+}
+
+// create is a helper function to create a mock apply that uses the configured
+// working directory to find the logfile.
+func (m *mockApplies) create(cvID, workspaceID string) (*tfe.Apply, error) {
+	c, ok := m.client.ConfigurationVersions.configVersions[cvID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	if c.Speculative {
+		// Speculative means its plan-only so we don't create a Apply.
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	id := generateID("apply-")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://app.terraform.io/_archivist/%s", id)
+
+	a := &tfe.Apply{
+		ID:         id,
+		LogReadURL: url,
+		Status:     tfe.ApplyPending,
+	}
+
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if w.AutoApply {
+		a.Status = tfe.ApplyRunning
+	}
+
+	m.logs[url] = filepath.Join(
+		m.client.ConfigurationVersions.uploadPaths[cvID],
+		w.WorkingDirectory,
+		"apply.log",
+	)
+	m.applies[a.ID] = a
+
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockApplies) Read(ctx context.Context, applyID string) (*tfe.Apply, error) {
+	a, ok := m.applies[applyID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	// Together with the mockLogReader this allows testing queued runs.
+	if a.Status == tfe.ApplyRunning {
+		a.Status = tfe.ApplyFinished
+	}
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockApplies) Logs(ctx context.Context, applyID string) (io.Reader, error) {
+	a, err := m.Read(ctx, applyID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	logfile, ok := m.logs[a.LogReadURL]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(logfile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return bytes.NewBufferString("logfile does not exist"), nil
+	}
+
+	logs, err := ioutil.ReadFile(logfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	done := func() (bool, error) {
+		a, err := m.Read(ctx, applyID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		if a.Status != tfe.ApplyFinished {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	return &mockLogReader{
+		done: done,
+		logs: bytes.NewBuffer(logs),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type mockConfigurationVersions struct {
+	client         *mockClient
+	configVersions map[string]*tfe.ConfigurationVersion
+	uploadPaths    map[string]string
+	uploadURLs     map[string]*tfe.ConfigurationVersion
+}
+
+func newMockConfigurationVersions(client *mockClient) *mockConfigurationVersions {
+	return &mockConfigurationVersions{
+		client:         client,
+		configVersions: make(map[string]*tfe.ConfigurationVersion),
+		uploadPaths:    make(map[string]string),
+		uploadURLs:     make(map[string]*tfe.ConfigurationVersion),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockConfigurationVersions) List(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.ConfigurationVersionListOptions) (*tfe.ConfigurationVersionList, error) {
+	cvl := &tfe.ConfigurationVersionList{}
+	for _, cv := range m.configVersions {
+		cvl.Items = append(cvl.Items, cv)
+	}
+
+	cvl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(cvl.Items),
+	}
+
+	return cvl, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockConfigurationVersions) Create(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.ConfigurationVersionCreateOptions) (*tfe.ConfigurationVersion, error) {
+	id := generateID("cv-")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://app.terraform.io/_archivist/%s", id)
+
+	cv := &tfe.ConfigurationVersion{
+		ID:        id,
+		Status:    tfe.ConfigurationPending,
+		UploadURL: url,
+	}
+
+	m.configVersions[cv.ID] = cv
+	m.uploadURLs[url] = cv
+
+	return cv, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockConfigurationVersions) Read(ctx context.Context, cvID string) (*tfe.ConfigurationVersion, error) {
+	cv, ok := m.configVersions[cvID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	return cv, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockConfigurationVersions) Upload(ctx context.Context, url, path string) error {
+	cv, ok := m.uploadURLs[url]
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("404 not found")
+	}
+	m.uploadPaths[cv.ID] = path
+	cv.Status = tfe.ConfigurationUploaded
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mockInput is a mock implementation of terraform.UIInput.
+type mockInput struct {
+	answers map[string]string
+}
+
+func (m *mockInput) Input(opts *terraform.InputOpts) (string, error) {
+	v, ok := m.answers[opts.Id]
+	if !ok {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected input request in test: %s", opts.Id)
+	}
+	delete(m.answers, opts.Id)
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+type mockOrganizations struct {
+	client        *mockClient
+	organizations map[string]*tfe.Organization
+}
+
+func newMockOrganizations(client *mockClient) *mockOrganizations {
+	return &mockOrganizations{
+		client:        client,
+		organizations: make(map[string]*tfe.Organization),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) List(ctx context.Context, options tfe.OrganizationListOptions) (*tfe.OrganizationList, error) {
+	orgl := &tfe.OrganizationList{}
+	for _, org := range m.organizations {
+		orgl.Items = append(orgl.Items, org)
+	}
+
+	orgl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(orgl.Items),
+	}
+
+	return orgl, nil
+}
+
+// mockLogReader is a mock logreader that enables testing queued runs.
+type mockLogReader struct {
+	done func() (bool, error)
+	logs *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+func (m *mockLogReader) Read(l []byte) (int, error) {
+	for {
+		if written, err := m.read(l); err != io.ErrNoProgress {
+			return written, err
+		}
+		time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockLogReader) read(l []byte) (int, error) {
+	done, err := m.done()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if !done {
+		return 0, io.ErrNoProgress
+	}
+	return m.logs.Read(l)
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) Create(ctx context.Context, options tfe.OrganizationCreateOptions) (*tfe.Organization, error) {
+	org := &tfe.Organization{Name: *options.Name}
+	m.organizations[org.Name] = org
+	return org, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) Read(ctx context.Context, name string) (*tfe.Organization, error) {
+	org, ok := m.organizations[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	return org, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) Update(ctx context.Context, name string, options tfe.OrganizationUpdateOptions) (*tfe.Organization, error) {
+	org, ok := m.organizations[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	org.Name = *options.Name
+	return org, nil
+
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) Delete(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
+	delete(m.organizations, name)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) Capacity(ctx context.Context, name string) (*tfe.Capacity, error) {
+	var pending, running int
+	for _, r := range m.client.Runs.runs {
+		if r.Status == tfe.RunPending {
+			pending++
+			continue
+		}
+		running++
+	}
+	return &tfe.Capacity{Pending: pending, Running: running}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockOrganizations) RunQueue(ctx context.Context, name string, options tfe.RunQueueOptions) (*tfe.RunQueue, error) {
+	rq := &tfe.RunQueue{}
+
+	for _, r := range m.client.Runs.runs {
+		rq.Items = append(rq.Items, r)
+	}
+
+	rq.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(rq.Items),
+	}
+
+	return rq, nil
+}
+
+type mockPlans struct {
+	client *mockClient
+	logs   map[string]string
+	plans  map[string]*tfe.Plan
+}
+
+func newMockPlans(client *mockClient) *mockPlans {
+	return &mockPlans{
+		client: client,
+		logs:   make(map[string]string),
+		plans:  make(map[string]*tfe.Plan),
+	}
+}
+
+// create is a helper function to create a mock plan that uses the configured
+// working directory to find the logfile.
+func (m *mockPlans) create(cvID, workspaceID string) (*tfe.Plan, error) {
+	id := generateID("plan-")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://app.terraform.io/_archivist/%s", id)
+
+	p := &tfe.Plan{
+		ID:         id,
+		LogReadURL: url,
+		Status:     tfe.PlanPending,
+	}
+
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	m.logs[url] = filepath.Join(
+		m.client.ConfigurationVersions.uploadPaths[cvID],
+		w.WorkingDirectory,
+		"plan.log",
+	)
+	m.plans[p.ID] = p
+
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPlans) Read(ctx context.Context, planID string) (*tfe.Plan, error) {
+	p, ok := m.plans[planID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	// Together with the mockLogReader this allows testing queued runs.
+	if p.Status == tfe.PlanRunning {
+		p.Status = tfe.PlanFinished
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPlans) Logs(ctx context.Context, planID string) (io.Reader, error) {
+	p, err := m.Read(ctx, planID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	logfile, ok := m.logs[p.LogReadURL]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(logfile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return bytes.NewBufferString("logfile does not exist"), nil
+	}
+
+	logs, err := ioutil.ReadFile(logfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	done := func() (bool, error) {
+		p, err := m.Read(ctx, planID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		if p.Status != tfe.PlanFinished {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	return &mockLogReader{
+		done: done,
+		logs: bytes.NewBuffer(logs),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type mockPolicyChecks struct {
+	client *mockClient
+	checks map[string]*tfe.PolicyCheck
+	logs   map[string]string
+}
+
+func newMockPolicyChecks(client *mockClient) *mockPolicyChecks {
+	return &mockPolicyChecks{
+		client: client,
+		checks: make(map[string]*tfe.PolicyCheck),
+		logs:   make(map[string]string),
+	}
+}
+
+// create is a helper function to create a mock policy check that uses the
+// configured working directory to find the logfile.
+func (m *mockPolicyChecks) create(cvID, workspaceID string) (*tfe.PolicyCheck, error) {
+	id := generateID("pc-")
+
+	pc := &tfe.PolicyCheck{
+		ID:          id,
+		Actions:     &tfe.PolicyActions{},
+		Permissions: &tfe.PolicyPermissions{},
+		Scope:       tfe.PolicyScopeOrganization,
+		Status:      tfe.PolicyPending,
+	}
+
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	logfile := filepath.Join(
+		m.client.ConfigurationVersions.uploadPaths[cvID],
+		w.WorkingDirectory,
+		"policy.log",
+	)
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(logfile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	m.logs[pc.ID] = logfile
+	m.checks[pc.ID] = pc
+
+	return pc, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPolicyChecks) List(ctx context.Context, runID string, options tfe.PolicyCheckListOptions) (*tfe.PolicyCheckList, error) {
+	_, ok := m.client.Runs.runs[runID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	pcl := &tfe.PolicyCheckList{}
+	for _, pc := range m.checks {
+		pcl.Items = append(pcl.Items, pc)
+	}
+
+	pcl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(pcl.Items),
+	}
+
+	return pcl, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPolicyChecks) Read(ctx context.Context, policyCheckID string) (*tfe.PolicyCheck, error) {
+	pc, ok := m.checks[policyCheckID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	logfile, ok := m.logs[pc.ID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(logfile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("logfile does not exist")
+	}
+
+	logs, err := ioutil.ReadFile(logfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("Sentinel Result: true")):
+		pc.Status = tfe.PolicyPasses
+	case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("Sentinel Result: false")):
+		switch {
+		case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("hard-mandatory")):
+			pc.Status = tfe.PolicyHardFailed
+		case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("soft-mandatory")):
+			pc.Actions.IsOverridable = true
+			pc.Permissions.CanOverride = true
+			pc.Status = tfe.PolicySoftFailed
+		}
+	default:
+		// As this is an unexpected state, we say the policy errored.
+		pc.Status = tfe.PolicyErrored
+	}
+
+	return pc, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPolicyChecks) Override(ctx context.Context, policyCheckID string) (*tfe.PolicyCheck, error) {
+	pc, ok := m.checks[policyCheckID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	pc.Status = tfe.PolicyOverridden
+	return pc, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockPolicyChecks) Logs(ctx context.Context, policyCheckID string) (io.Reader, error) {
+	pc, ok := m.checks[policyCheckID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	logfile, ok := m.logs[pc.ID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(logfile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return bytes.NewBufferString("logfile does not exist"), nil
+	}
+
+	logs, err := ioutil.ReadFile(logfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("Sentinel Result: true")):
+		pc.Status = tfe.PolicyPasses
+	case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("Sentinel Result: false")):
+		switch {
+		case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("hard-mandatory")):
+			pc.Status = tfe.PolicyHardFailed
+		case bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("soft-mandatory")):
+			pc.Actions.IsOverridable = true
+			pc.Permissions.CanOverride = true
+			pc.Status = tfe.PolicySoftFailed
+		}
+	default:
+		// As this is an unexpected state, we say the policy errored.
+		pc.Status = tfe.PolicyErrored
+	}
+
+	return bytes.NewBuffer(logs), nil
+}
+
+type mockRuns struct {
+	client     *mockClient
+	runs       map[string]*tfe.Run
+	workspaces map[string][]*tfe.Run
+}
+
+func newMockRuns(client *mockClient) *mockRuns {
+	return &mockRuns{
+		client:     client,
+		runs:       make(map[string]*tfe.Run),
+		workspaces: make(map[string][]*tfe.Run),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) List(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.RunListOptions) (*tfe.RunList, error) {
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	rl := &tfe.RunList{}
+	for _, r := range m.workspaces[w.ID] {
+		rl.Items = append(rl.Items, r)
+	}
+
+	rl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(rl.Items),
+	}
+
+	return rl, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) Create(ctx context.Context, options tfe.RunCreateOptions) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	a, err := m.client.Applies.create(options.ConfigurationVersion.ID, options.Workspace.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	p, err := m.client.Plans.create(options.ConfigurationVersion.ID, options.Workspace.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pc, err := m.client.PolicyChecks.create(options.ConfigurationVersion.ID, options.Workspace.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	r := &tfe.Run{
+		ID:          generateID("run-"),
+		Actions:     &tfe.RunActions{IsCancelable: true},
+		Apply:       a,
+		HasChanges:  false,
+		Permissions: &tfe.RunPermissions{},
+		Plan:        p,
+		Status:      tfe.RunPending,
+	}
+
+	if pc != nil {
+		r.PolicyChecks = []*tfe.PolicyCheck{pc}
+	}
+
+	if options.IsDestroy != nil {
+		r.IsDestroy = *options.IsDestroy
+	}
+
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[options.Workspace.ID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	if w.CurrentRun == nil {
+		w.CurrentRun = r
+	}
+
+	m.runs[r.ID] = r
+	m.workspaces[options.Workspace.ID] = append(m.workspaces[options.Workspace.ID], r)
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) Read(ctx context.Context, runID string) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	r, ok := m.runs[runID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	pending := false
+	for _, r := range m.runs {
+		if r.ID != runID && r.Status == tfe.RunPending {
+			pending = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !pending && r.Status == tfe.RunPending {
+		// Only update the status if there are no other pending runs.
+		r.Status = tfe.RunPlanning
+		r.Plan.Status = tfe.PlanRunning
+	}
+
+	logs, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(m.client.Plans.logs[r.Plan.LogReadURL])
+	if r.Plan.Status == tfe.PlanFinished {
+		if r.IsDestroy || bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy")) {
+			r.Actions.IsCancelable = false
+			r.Actions.IsConfirmable = true
+			r.HasChanges = true
+			r.Permissions.CanApply = true
+		}
+
+		if bytes.Contains(logs, []byte("null_resource.foo: 1 error")) {
+			r.Actions.IsCancelable = false
+			r.HasChanges = false
+			r.Status = tfe.RunErrored
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) Apply(ctx context.Context, runID string, options tfe.RunApplyOptions) error {
+	r, ok := m.runs[runID]
+	if !ok {
+		return tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	if r.Status != tfe.RunPending {
+		// Only update the status if the run is not pending anymore.
+		r.Status = tfe.RunApplying
+		r.Apply.Status = tfe.ApplyRunning
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) Cancel(ctx context.Context, runID string, options tfe.RunCancelOptions) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) ForceCancel(ctx context.Context, runID string, options tfe.RunForceCancelOptions) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (m *mockRuns) Discard(ctx context.Context, runID string, options tfe.RunDiscardOptions) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+type mockStateVersions struct {
+	client        *mockClient
+	states        map[string][]byte
+	stateVersions map[string]*tfe.StateVersion
+	workspaces    map[string][]string
+}
+
+func newMockStateVersions(client *mockClient) *mockStateVersions {
+	return &mockStateVersions{
+		client:        client,
+		states:        make(map[string][]byte),
+		stateVersions: make(map[string]*tfe.StateVersion),
+		workspaces:    make(map[string][]string),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockStateVersions) List(ctx context.Context, options tfe.StateVersionListOptions) (*tfe.StateVersionList, error) {
+	svl := &tfe.StateVersionList{}
+	for _, sv := range m.stateVersions {
+		svl.Items = append(svl.Items, sv)
+	}
+
+	svl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  1,
+		NextPage:     1,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   1,
+		TotalCount:   len(svl.Items),
+	}
+
+	return svl, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockStateVersions) Create(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.StateVersionCreateOptions) (*tfe.StateVersion, error) {
+	id := generateID("sv-")
+	runID := os.Getenv("TFE_RUN_ID")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://app.terraform.io/_archivist/%s", id)
+
+	if runID != "" && (options.Run == nil || runID != options.Run.ID) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("option.Run.ID does not contain the ID exported by TFE_RUN_ID")
+	}
+
+	sv := &tfe.StateVersion{
+		ID:          id,
+		DownloadURL: url,
+		Serial:      *options.Serial,
+	}
+
+	state, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(*options.State)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	m.states[sv.DownloadURL] = state
+	m.stateVersions[sv.ID] = sv
+	m.workspaces[workspaceID] = append(m.workspaces[workspaceID], sv.ID)
+
+	return sv, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockStateVersions) Read(ctx context.Context, svID string) (*tfe.StateVersion, error) {
+	sv, ok := m.stateVersions[svID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	return sv, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockStateVersions) Current(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string) (*tfe.StateVersion, error) {
+	w, ok := m.client.Workspaces.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	svs, ok := m.workspaces[w.ID]
+	if !ok || len(svs) == 0 {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	sv, ok := m.stateVersions[svs[len(svs)-1]]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	return sv, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockStateVersions) Download(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
+	state, ok := m.states[url]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	return state, nil
+}
+
+type mockWorkspaces struct {
+	client         *mockClient
+	workspaceIDs   map[string]*tfe.Workspace
+	workspaceNames map[string]*tfe.Workspace
+}
+
+func newMockWorkspaces(client *mockClient) *mockWorkspaces {
+	return &mockWorkspaces{
+		client:         client,
+		workspaceIDs:   make(map[string]*tfe.Workspace),
+		workspaceNames: make(map[string]*tfe.Workspace),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) List(ctx context.Context, organization string, options tfe.WorkspaceListOptions) (*tfe.WorkspaceList, error) {
+	dummyWorkspaces := 10
+	wl := &tfe.WorkspaceList{}
+
+	// Get the prefix from the search options.
+	prefix := ""
+	if options.Search != nil {
+		prefix = *options.Search
+	}
+
+	// Get all the workspaces that match the prefix.
+	var ws []*tfe.Workspace
+	for _, w := range m.workspaceIDs {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(w.Name, prefix) {
+			ws = append(ws, w)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return an empty result if we have no matches.
+	if len(ws) == 0 {
+		wl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+			CurrentPage: 1,
+		}
+		return wl, nil
+	}
+
+	// Return dummy workspaces for the first page to test pagination.
+	if options.PageNumber <= 1 {
+		for i := 0; i < dummyWorkspaces; i++ {
+			wl.Items = append(wl.Items, &tfe.Workspace{
+				ID:   generateID("ws-"),
+				Name: fmt.Sprintf("dummy-workspace-%d", i),
+			})
+		}
+
+		wl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+			CurrentPage: 1,
+			NextPage:    2,
+			TotalPages:  2,
+			TotalCount:  len(wl.Items) + len(ws),
+		}
+
+		return wl, nil
+	}
+
+	// Return the actual workspaces that matched as the second page.
+	wl.Items = ws
+	wl.Pagination = &tfe.Pagination{
+		CurrentPage:  2,
+		PreviousPage: 1,
+		TotalPages:   2,
+		TotalCount:   len(wl.Items) + dummyWorkspaces,
+	}
+
+	return wl, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Create(ctx context.Context, organization string, options tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	w := &tfe.Workspace{
+		ID:   generateID("ws-"),
+		Name: *options.Name,
+		Permissions: &tfe.WorkspacePermissions{
+			CanQueueRun: true,
+			CanUpdate:   true,
+		},
+	}
+	if options.AutoApply != nil {
+		w.AutoApply = *options.AutoApply
+	}
+	if options.VCSRepo != nil {
+		w.VCSRepo = &tfe.VCSRepo{}
+	}
+	m.workspaceIDs[w.ID] = w
+	m.workspaceNames[w.Name] = w
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Read(ctx context.Context, organization, workspace string) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	w, ok := m.workspaceNames[workspace]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Update(ctx context.Context, organization, workspace string, options tfe.WorkspaceUpdateOptions) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	w, ok := m.workspaceNames[workspace]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+
+	if options.Name != nil {
+		w.Name = *options.Name
+	}
+	if options.TerraformVersion != nil {
+		w.TerraformVersion = *options.TerraformVersion
+	}
+	if options.WorkingDirectory != nil {
+		w.WorkingDirectory = *options.WorkingDirectory
+	}
+
+	delete(m.workspaceNames, workspace)
+	m.workspaceNames[w.Name] = w
+
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Delete(ctx context.Context, organization, workspace string) error {
+	if w, ok := m.workspaceNames[workspace]; ok {
+		delete(m.workspaceIDs, w.ID)
+	}
+	delete(m.workspaceNames, workspace)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Lock(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.WorkspaceLockOptions) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	w, ok := m.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	w.Locked = true
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) Unlock(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	w, ok := m.workspaceIDs[workspaceID]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, tfe.ErrResourceNotFound
+	}
+	w.Locked = false
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) AssignSSHKey(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string, options tfe.WorkspaceAssignSSHKeyOptions) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (m *mockWorkspaces) UnassignSSHKey(ctx context.Context, workspaceID string) (*tfe.Workspace, error) {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+const alphanumeric = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
+
+func generateID(s string) string {
+	b := make([]byte, 16)
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = alphanumeric[rand.Intn(len(alphanumeric))]
+	}
+	return s + string(b)
+}

backend/remote/backend_plan.go

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+)
+
+func (b *Remote) opPlan(stopCtx, cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	log.Printf("[INFO] backend/remote: starting Plan operation")
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace used to run this operation in.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Read(stopCtx, b.organization, op.Workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, generalError("Failed to retrieve workspace", err)
+	}
+
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	if !w.Permissions.CanQueueRun {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Insufficient rights to generate a plan",
+			"The provided credentials have insufficient rights to generate a plan. In order "+
+				"to generate plans, at least plan permissions on the workspace are required.",
+		))
+		return nil, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	if op.Parallelism != defaultParallelism {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Custom parallelism values are currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend does not support setting a custom parallelism `+
+				`value at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if op.PlanFile != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Displaying a saved plan is currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend currently requires configuration to be present and `+
+				`does not accept an existing saved plan as an argument at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if op.PlanOutPath != "" {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Saving a generated plan is currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend does not support saving the generated execution `+
+				`plan locally at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if !op.PlanRefresh {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Planning without refresh is currently not supported",
+			`Currently the "remote" backend will always do an in-memory refresh of `+
+				`the Terraform state prior to generating the plan.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	if op.Targets != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Resource targeting is currently not supported",
+			`The "remote" backend does not support resource targeting at this time.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	variables, parseDiags := b.parseVariableValues(op)
+	diags = diags.Append(parseDiags)
+
+	if len(variables) > 0 {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Run variables are currently not supported",
+			fmt.Sprintf(
+				"The \"remote\" backend does not support setting run variables at this time. "+
+					"Currently the only to way to pass variables to the remote backend is by "+
+					"creating a '*.auto.tfvars' variables file. This file will automatically "+
+					"be loaded by the \"remote\" backend when the workspace is configured to use "+
+					"Terraform v0.10.0 or later.\n\nAdditionally you can also set variables on "+
+					"the workspace in the web UI:\nhttps://%s/app/%s/%s/variables",
+				b.hostname, b.organization, op.Workspace,
+			),
+		))
+	}
+
+	if !op.HasConfig() && !op.Destroy {
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"No configuration files found",
+			`Plan requires configuration to be present. Planning without a configuration `+
+				`would mark everything for destruction, which is normally not what is desired. `+
+				`If you would like to destroy everything, please run plan with the "-destroy" `+
+				`flag or create a single empty configuration file. Otherwise, please create `+
+				`a Terraform configuration file in the path being executed and try again.`,
+		))
+	}
+
+	// Return if there are any errors.
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return nil, diags.Err()
+	}
+
+	return b.plan(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op, w)
+}
+
+func (b *Remote) plan(stopCtx, cancelCtx context.Context, op *backend.Operation, w *tfe.Workspace) (*tfe.Run, error) {
+	configOptions := tfe.ConfigurationVersionCreateOptions{
+		AutoQueueRuns: tfe.Bool(false),
+		Speculative:   tfe.Bool(op.Type == backend.OperationTypePlan),
+	}
+
+	cv, err := b.client.ConfigurationVersions.Create(stopCtx, w.ID, configOptions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, generalError("Failed to create configuration version", err)
+	}
+
+	var configDir string
+	if op.ConfigDir != "" {
+		// Make sure to take the working directory into account by removing
+		// the working directory from the current path. This will result in
+		// a path that points to the expected root of the workspace.
+		configDir = filepath.Clean(strings.TrimSuffix(
+			filepath.Clean(op.ConfigDir),
+			filepath.Clean(w.WorkingDirectory),
+		))
+	} else {
+		// We did a check earlier to make sure we either have a config dir,
+		// or the plan is run with -destroy. So this else clause will only
+		// be executed when we are destroying and doesn't need the config.
+		configDir, err = ioutil.TempDir("", "tf")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, generalError("Failed to create temporary directory", err)
+		}
+		defer os.RemoveAll(configDir)
+
+		// Make sure the configured working directory exists.
+		err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(configDir, w.WorkingDirectory), 0700)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, generalError(
+				"Failed to create temporary working directory", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = b.client.ConfigurationVersions.Upload(stopCtx, cv.UploadURL, configDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, generalError("Failed to upload configuration files", err)
+	}
+
+	uploaded := false
+	for i := 0; i < 60 && !uploaded; i++ {
+		select {
+		case <-stopCtx.Done():
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		case <-cancelCtx.Done():
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+			cv, err = b.client.ConfigurationVersions.Read(stopCtx, cv.ID)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, generalError("Failed to retrieve configuration version", err)
+			}
+
+			if cv.Status == tfe.ConfigurationUploaded {
+				uploaded = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !uploaded {
+		return nil, generalError(
+			"Failed to upload configuration files", errors.New("operation timed out"))
+	}
+
+	runOptions := tfe.RunCreateOptions{
+		IsDestroy:            tfe.Bool(op.Destroy),
+		Message:              tfe.String("Queued manually using Terraform"),
+		ConfigurationVersion: cv,
+		Workspace:            w,
+	}
+
+	r, err := b.client.Runs.Create(stopCtx, runOptions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to create run", err)
+	}
+
+	// When the lock timeout is set,
+	if op.StateLockTimeout > 0 {
+		go func() {
+			select {
+			case <-stopCtx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-cancelCtx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-time.After(op.StateLockTimeout):
+				// Retrieve the run to get its current status.
+				r, err := b.client.Runs.Read(cancelCtx, r.ID)
+				if err != nil {
+					log.Printf("[ERROR] error reading run: %v", err)
+					return
+				}
+
+				if r.Status == tfe.RunPending && r.Actions.IsCancelable {
+					if b.CLI != nil {
+						b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(strings.TrimSpace(lockTimeoutErr)))
+					}
+
+					// We abuse the auto aprove flag to indicate that we do not
+					// want to ask if the remote operation should be canceled.
+					op.AutoApprove = true
+
+					p, err := os.FindProcess(os.Getpid())
+					if err != nil {
+						log.Printf("[ERROR] error searching process ID: %v", err)
+						return
+					}
+					p.Signal(syscall.SIGINT)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	if b.CLI != nil {
+		header := planDefaultHeader
+		if op.Type == backend.OperationTypeApply {
+			header = applyDefaultHeader
+		}
+		b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(strings.TrimSpace(fmt.Sprintf(
+			header, b.hostname, b.organization, op.Workspace, r.ID)) + "\n"))
+	}
+
+	r, err = b.waitForRun(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op, "plan", r, w)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, err
+	}
+
+	logs, err := b.client.Plans.Logs(stopCtx, r.Plan.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve logs", err)
+	}
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(logs)
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		if b.CLI != nil {
+			b.CLI.Output(b.Colorize().Color(scanner.Text()))
+		}
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to read logs", err)
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve the run to get its current status.
+	r, err = b.client.Runs.Read(stopCtx, r.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return r, generalError("Failed to retrieve run", err)
+	}
+
+	// Return if there are no changes or the run errored. We return
+	// without an error, even if the run errored, as the error is
+	// already displayed by the output of the remote run.
+	if !r.HasChanges || r.Status == tfe.RunErrored {
+		return r, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check any configured sentinel policies.
+	if len(r.PolicyChecks) > 0 {
+		err = b.checkPolicy(stopCtx, cancelCtx, op, r)
+		if err != nil {
+			return r, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+const planDefaultHeader = `
+[reset][yellow]Running plan in the remote backend. Output will stream here. Pressing Ctrl-C
+will stop streaming the logs, but will not stop the plan running remotely.
+To view this run in a browser, visit:
+https://%s/app/%s/%s/runs/%s[reset]
+`
+
+// The newline in this error is to make it look good in the CLI!
+const lockTimeoutErr = `
+[reset][red]Lock timeout exceeded, sending interrupt to cancel the remote operation.
+[reset]
+`

backend/remote/backend_plan_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configload"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/plans/planfile"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
+)
+
+func testOperationPlan(t *testing.T, configDir string) (*backend.Operation, func()) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	_, configLoader, configCleanup := configload.MustLoadConfigForTests(t, configDir)
+
+	return &backend.Operation{
+		ConfigDir:    configDir,
+		ConfigLoader: configLoader,
+		Parallelism:  defaultParallelism,
+		PlanRefresh:  true,
+		Type:         backend.OperationTypePlan,
+	}, configCleanup
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatal("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithoutPermissions(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+
+	// Create a named workspace without permissions.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Create(
+		context.Background(),
+		b.organization,
+		tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			Name: tfe.String(b.prefix + "prod"),
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating named workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+	w.Permissions.CanQueueRun = false
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = "prod"
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "Insufficient rights to generate a plan") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a permissions error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithParallelism(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Parallelism = 3
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "parallelism values are currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a parallelism error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithPlan(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.PlanFile = &planfile.Reader{}
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "saved plan is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a saved plan error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithPath(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.PlanOutPath = "./test-fixtures/plan"
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "generated plan is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a generated plan error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithoutRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.PlanRefresh = false
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "refresh is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a refresh error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	addr, _ := addrs.ParseAbsResourceStr("null_resource.foo")
+
+	op.Targets = []addrs.Targetable{addr}
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "targeting is currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a targeting error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithVariables(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-variables")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Variables = testVariables(terraform.ValueFromCLIArg, "foo", "bar")
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "variables are currently not supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a variables error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planNoConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/empty")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "configuration files found") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected configuration files error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planLockTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace used to run this operation in.
+	w, err := b.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, b.organization, b.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error retrieving workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a new configuration version.
+	c, err := b.client.ConfigurationVersions.Create(ctx, w.ID, tfe.ConfigurationVersionCreateOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating configuration version: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a pending run to block this run.
+	_, err = b.client.Runs.Create(ctx, tfe.RunCreateOptions{
+		ConfigurationVersion: c,
+		Workspace:            w,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error creating pending run: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	input := testInput(t, map[string]string{
+		"cancel":  "yes",
+		"approve": "yes",
+	})
+
+	op.StateLockTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	op.UIIn = input
+	op.UIOut = b.CLI
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	_, err = b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sigint := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigint, syscall.SIGINT)
+	select {
+	case <-sigint:
+		// Stop redirecting SIGINT signals.
+		signal.Stop(sigint)
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatalf("expected lock timeout after 5 seconds, waited 10 seconds")
+	}
+
+	if len(input.answers) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected unused answers, got: %v", input.answers)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Lock timeout exceeded") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing lock timout error in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planDestroy(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Destroy = true
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planDestroyNoConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/empty")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Destroy = true
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithWorkingDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	options := tfe.WorkspaceUpdateOptions{
+		WorkingDirectory: tfe.String("terraform"),
+	}
+
+	// Configure the workspace to use a custom working direcrtory.
+	_, err := b.client.Workspaces.Update(context.Background(), b.organization, b.workspace, options)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error configuring working directory: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-with-working-directory/terraform")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planPolicyPass(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-policy-passed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result != backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatalf("operation failed: %s", b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String())
+	}
+	if run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a non-empty plan")
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: true") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing polic check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planPolicyHardFail(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-policy-hard-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "hard failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a policy check error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planPolicySoftFail(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-policy-soft-failed")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if !run.PlanEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("expected plan to be empty")
+	}
+
+	errOutput := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).ErrorWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(errOutput, "soft failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a policy check error, got: %v", errOutput)
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan summery in output: %s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Sentinel Result: false") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing policy check result in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_planWithRemoteError(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	op, configCleanup := testOperationPlan(t, "./test-fixtures/plan-with-error")
+	defer configCleanup()
+
+	op.Workspace = backend.DefaultStateName
+
+	run, err := b.Operation(context.Background(), op)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error starting operation: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	<-run.Done()
+	if run.Result == backend.OperationSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("expected plan operation to fail")
+	}
+	if run.Result.ExitStatus() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected exit code 1, got %d", run.Result.ExitStatus())
+	}
+
+	output := b.CLI.(*cli.MockUi).OutputWriter.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "null_resource.foo: 1 error") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing plan error in output: %s", output)
+	}
+}

backend/remote/backend_state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/md5"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state/remote"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statefile"
+)
+
+type remoteClient struct {
+	client       *tfe.Client
+	lockInfo     *state.LockInfo
+	organization string
+	runID        string
+	workspace    string
+}
+
+// Get the remote state.
+func (r *remoteClient) Get() (*remote.Payload, error) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace for which to create a new state.
+	w, err := r.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, r.organization, r.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == tfe.ErrResourceNotFound {
+			// If no state exists, then return nil.
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sv, err := r.client.StateVersions.Current(ctx, w.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == tfe.ErrResourceNotFound {
+			// If no state exists, then return nil.
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving remote state: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	state, err := r.client.StateVersions.Download(ctx, sv.DownloadURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error downloading remote state: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// If the state is empty, then return nil.
+	if len(state) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Get the MD5 checksum of the state.
+	sum := md5.Sum(state)
+
+	return &remote.Payload{
+		Data: state,
+		MD5:  sum[:],
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Put the remote state.
+func (r *remoteClient) Put(state []byte) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace for which to create a new state.
+	w, err := r.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, r.organization, r.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving workspace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the raw state into a Terraform state.
+	stateFile, err := statefile.Read(bytes.NewReader(state))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading state: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	options := tfe.StateVersionCreateOptions{
+		Lineage: tfe.String(stateFile.Lineage),
+		Serial:  tfe.Int64(int64(stateFile.Serial)),
+		MD5:     tfe.String(fmt.Sprintf("%x", md5.Sum(state))),
+		State:   tfe.String(base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(state)),
+	}
+
+	// If we have a run ID, make sure to add it to the options
+	// so the state will be properly associated with the run.
+	if r.runID != "" {
+		options.Run = &tfe.Run{ID: r.runID}
+	}
+
+	// Create the new state.
+	_, err = r.client.StateVersions.Create(ctx, w.ID, options)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating remote state: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete the remote state.
+func (r *remoteClient) Delete() error {
+	err := r.client.Workspaces.Delete(context.Background(), r.organization, r.workspace)
+	if err != nil && err != tfe.ErrResourceNotFound {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error deleting workspace %s: %v", r.workspace, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Lock the remote state.
+func (r *remoteClient) Lock(info *state.LockInfo) (string, error) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	lockErr := &state.LockError{Info: r.lockInfo}
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace to lock.
+	w, err := r.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, r.organization, r.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		lockErr.Err = err
+		return "", lockErr
+	}
+
+	// Check if the workspace is already locked.
+	if w.Locked {
+		lockErr.Err = fmt.Errorf(
+			"remote state already\nlocked (lock ID: \"%s/%s\")", r.organization, r.workspace)
+		return "", lockErr
+	}
+
+	// Lock the workspace.
+	w, err = r.client.Workspaces.Lock(ctx, w.ID, tfe.WorkspaceLockOptions{
+		Reason: tfe.String("Locked by Terraform"),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		lockErr.Err = err
+		return "", lockErr
+	}
+
+	r.lockInfo = info
+
+	return r.lockInfo.ID, nil
+}
+
+// Unlock the remote state.
+func (r *remoteClient) Unlock(id string) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	lockErr := &state.LockError{Info: r.lockInfo}
+
+	// Verify the expected lock ID.
+	if r.lockInfo != nil && r.lockInfo.ID != id {
+		lockErr.Err = fmt.Errorf("lock ID does not match existing lock")
+		return lockErr
+	}
+
+	// Verify the optional force-unlock lock ID.
+	if r.lockInfo == nil && r.organization+"/"+r.workspace != id {
+		lockErr.Err = fmt.Errorf("lock ID does not match existing lock")
+		return lockErr
+	}
+
+	// Retrieve the workspace to lock.
+	w, err := r.client.Workspaces.Read(ctx, r.organization, r.workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		lockErr.Err = err
+		return lockErr
+	}
+
+	// Unlock the workspace.
+	w, err = r.client.Workspaces.Unlock(ctx, w.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		lockErr.Err = err
+		return lockErr
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/remote/backend_state_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state/remote"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+)
+
+func TestRemoteClient_impl(t *testing.T) {
+	var _ remote.Client = new(remoteClient)
+}
+
+func TestRemoteClient(t *testing.T) {
+	client := testRemoteClient(t)
+	remote.TestClient(t, client)
+}
+
+func TestRemoteClient_stateLock(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+
+	s1, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	s2, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	remote.TestRemoteLocks(t, s1.(*remote.State).Client, s2.(*remote.State).Client)
+}
+
+func TestRemoteClient_withRunID(t *testing.T) {
+	// Set the TFE_RUN_ID environment variable before creating the client!
+	if err := os.Setenv("TFE_RUN_ID", generateID("run-")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error setting env var TFE_RUN_ID: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a new test client.
+	client := testRemoteClient(t)
+
+	// Create a new empty state.
+	state := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	if err := terraform.WriteState(terraform.NewState(), state); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Store the new state to verify (this will be done
+	// by the mock that is used) that the run ID is set.
+	if err := client.Put(state.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}

backend/remote/backend_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestRemote(t *testing.T) {
+	var _ backend.Enhanced = New(nil)
+	var _ backend.CLI = New(nil)
+}
+
+func TestRemote_backendDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+	backend.TestBackendStates(t, b)
+	backend.TestBackendStateLocks(t, b, b)
+	backend.TestBackendStateForceUnlock(t, b, b)
+}
+
+func TestRemote_backendNoDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+	backend.TestBackendStates(t, b)
+}
+
+func TestRemote_config(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]struct {
+		config  cty.Value
+		confErr string
+		valErr  string
+	}{
+		"with_a_name": {
+			config: cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+				"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+					"name":   cty.StringVal("prod"),
+					"prefix": cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				}),
+			}),
+		},
+		"with_a_prefix": {
+			config: cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+				"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+					"name":   cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+					"prefix": cty.StringVal("my-app-"),
+				}),
+			}),
+		},
+		"without_either_a_name_and_a_prefix": {
+			config: cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+				"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+					"name":   cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+					"prefix": cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				}),
+			}),
+			valErr: `Either workspace "name" or "prefix" is required`,
+		},
+		"with_both_a_name_and_a_prefix": {
+			config: cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+				"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+					"name":   cty.StringVal("prod"),
+					"prefix": cty.StringVal("my-app-"),
+				}),
+			}),
+			valErr: `Only one of workspace "name" or "prefix" is allowed`,
+		},
+		"with_an_unknown_host": {
+			config: cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"hostname":     cty.StringVal("nonexisting.local"),
+				"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+				"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+					"name":   cty.StringVal("prod"),
+					"prefix": cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+				}),
+			}),
+			confErr: "Host nonexisting.local does not provide a remote backend API",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for name, tc := range cases {
+		s := testServer(t)
+		b := New(testDisco(s))
+
+		// Validate
+		valDiags := b.ValidateConfig(tc.config)
+		if (valDiags.Err() == nil && tc.valErr != "") ||
+			(valDiags.Err() != nil && !strings.Contains(valDiags.Err().Error(), tc.valErr)) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: unexpected validation result: %v", name, valDiags.Err())
+		}
+
+		// Configure
+		confDiags := b.Configure(tc.config)
+		if (confDiags.Err() == nil && tc.confErr != "") ||
+			(confDiags.Err() != nil && !strings.Contains(confDiags.Err().Error(), tc.confErr)) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: unexpected configure result: %v", name, valDiags.Err())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_nonexistingOrganization(t *testing.T) {
+	msg := "does not exist"
+
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+	b.organization = "nonexisting"
+
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr("prod"); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), msg) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q error, got: %v", msg, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace("prod"); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), msg) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q error, got: %v", msg, err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := b.Workspaces(); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), msg) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q error, got: %v", msg, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_addAndRemoveWorkspacesDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+	if _, err := b.Workspaces(); err != backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error %v, got %v", backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported, err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr("prod"); err != backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error %v, got %v", backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace(backend.DefaultStateName); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace("prod"); err != backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error %v, got %v", backend.ErrWorkspacesNotSupported, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemote_addAndRemoveWorkspacesNoDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	b := testBackendNoDefault(t)
+	states, err := b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedWorkspaces := []string(nil)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expectedWorkspaces) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected states %#+v, got %#+v", expectedWorkspaces, states)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName); err != backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error %v, got %v", backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported, err)
+	}
+
+	expectedA := "test_A"
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr(expectedA); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	states, err = b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedWorkspaces = append(expectedWorkspaces, expectedA)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expectedWorkspaces) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %#+v, got %#+v", expectedWorkspaces, states)
+	}
+
+	expectedB := "test_B"
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr(expectedB); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	states, err = b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedWorkspaces = append(expectedWorkspaces, expectedB)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expectedWorkspaces) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %#+v, got %#+v", expectedWorkspaces, states)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace(backend.DefaultStateName); err != backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error %v, got %v", backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace(expectedA); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	states, err = b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedWorkspaces = []string{expectedB}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expectedWorkspaces) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %#+v got %#+v", expectedWorkspaces, states)
+	}
+
+	if err := b.DeleteWorkspace(expectedB); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	states, err = b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedWorkspaces = []string(nil)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expectedWorkspaces) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %#+v, got %#+v", expectedWorkspaces, states)
+	}
+}

backend/remote/cli.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+)
+
+// CLIInit implements backend.CLI
+func (b *Remote) CLIInit(opts *backend.CLIOpts) error {
+	b.CLI = opts.CLI
+	b.CLIColor = opts.CLIColor
+	b.ShowDiagnostics = opts.ShowDiagnostics
+	b.ContextOpts = opts.ContextOpts
+	return nil
+}

backend/remote/colorize.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+
+	"github.com/mitchellh/colorstring"
+)
+
+// colorsRe is used to find ANSI escaped color codes.
+var colorsRe = regexp.MustCompile("\033\\[\\d{1,3}m")
+
+// Colorer is the interface that must be implemented to colorize strings.
+type Colorer interface {
+	Color(v string) string
+}
+
+// Colorize is used to print output when the -no-color flag is used. It will
+// strip all ANSI escaped color codes which are set while the operation was
+// executed in Terraform Enterprise.
+//
+// When Terraform Enterprise supports run specific variables, this code can be
+// removed as we can then pass the CLI flag to the backend and prevent the color
+// codes from being written to the output.
+type Colorize struct {
+	cliColor *colorstring.Colorize
+}
+
+// Color will strip all ANSI escaped color codes and return a uncolored string.
+func (c *Colorize) Color(v string) string {
+	return colorsRe.ReplaceAllString(c.cliColor.Color(v), "")
+}
+
+// Colorize returns the Colorize structure that can be used for colorizing
+// output. This is guaranteed to always return a non-nil value and so is useful
+// as a helper to wrap any potentially colored strings.
+func (b *Remote) Colorize() Colorer {
+	if b.CLIColor != nil && !b.CLIColor.Disable {
+		return b.CLIColor
+	}
+	if b.CLIColor != nil {
+		return &Colorize{cliColor: b.CLIColor}
+	}
+	return &Colorize{cliColor: &colorstring.Colorize{
+		Colors:  colorstring.DefaultColors,
+		Disable: true,
+	}}
+}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-destroy/apply.log

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+null_resource.hello: Destroying... (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+null_resource.hello: Destruction complete after 0s
+
+Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 1 destroyed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-destroy/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-destroy/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+null_resource.hello: Refreshing state... (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  - destroy
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  - null_resource.hello
+
+
+Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 1 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-no-changes/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-no-changes/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+null_resource.hello: Refreshing state... (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+No changes. Infrastructure is up-to-date.
+
+This means that Terraform did not detect any differences between your
+configuration and real physical resources that exist. As a result, no
+actions need to be performed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-hard-failed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-hard-failed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-hard-failed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: false
+
+Sentinel evaluated to false because one or more Sentinel policies evaluated
+to false. This false was not due to an undefined value or runtime error.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (hard-mandatory)
+
+Result: false
+
+FALSE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-passed/apply.log

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+null_resource.hello: Creating...
+null_resource.hello: Creation complete after 0s (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-passed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-passed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-passed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: true
+
+This result means that Sentinel policies returned true and the protected
+behavior is allowed by Sentinel policies.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (soft-mandatory)
+
+Result: true
+
+TRUE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed/apply.log

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+null_resource.hello: Creating...
+null_resource.hello: Creation complete after 0s (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-policy-soft-failed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: false
+
+Sentinel evaluated to false because one or more Sentinel policies evaluated
+to false. This false was not due to an undefined value or runtime error.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (soft-mandatory)
+
+Result: false
+
+FALSE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-variables/apply.log

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+null_resource.hello: Creating...
+null_resource.hello: Creation complete after 0s (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-variables/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+variable "foo" {}
+variable "bar" {}
+
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-variables/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-with-error/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {
+  triggers {
+    random = "${guid()}"
+  }
+}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply-with-error/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+
+Error: null_resource.foo: 1 error(s) occurred:
+
+* null_resource.foo: 1:3: unknown function called: guid in:
+
+${guid()}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply/apply.log

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+null_resource.hello: Creating...
+null_resource.hello: Creation complete after 0s (ID: 8657651096157629581)
+
+Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/apply/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-hard-failed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-hard-failed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-hard-failed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: false
+
+Sentinel evaluated to false because one or more Sentinel policies evaluated
+to false. This false was not due to an undefined value or runtime error.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (hard-mandatory)
+
+Result: false
+
+FALSE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-passed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-passed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-passed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: true
+
+This result means that Sentinel policies returned true and the protected
+behavior is allowed by Sentinel policies.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (soft-mandatory)
+
+Result: true
+
+TRUE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-soft-failed/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-soft-failed/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-policy-soft-failed/policy.log

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Sentinel Result: false
+
+Sentinel evaluated to false because one or more Sentinel policies evaluated
+to false. This false was not due to an undefined value or runtime error.
+
+1 policies evaluated.
+
+## Policy 1: Passthrough.sentinel (soft-mandatory)
+
+Result: false
+
+FALSE - Passthrough.sentinel:1:1 - Rule "main"

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-variables/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+variable "foo" {}
+variable "bar" {}
+
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-variables/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-with-error/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {
+  triggers {
+    random = "${guid()}"
+  }
+}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-with-error/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+
+Error: null_resource.foo: 1 error(s) occurred:
+
+* null_resource.foo: 1:3: unknown function called: guid in:
+
+${guid()}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-with-working-directory/terraform/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan-with-working-directory/terraform/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource "null_resource" "foo" {}

backend/remote/test-fixtures/plan/plan.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Terraform v0.11.7
+
+Configuring remote state backend...
+Initializing Terraform configuration...
+Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
+The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
+persisted to local or remote state storage.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
+Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
+  + create
+
+Terraform will perform the following actions:
+
+  + null_resource.foo
+      id: <computed>
+
+
+Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

backend/remote/testing.go

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	tfe "github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state/remote"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/auth"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/disco"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+const (
+	testCred = "test-auth-token"
+)
+
+var (
+	tfeHost  = svchost.Hostname(defaultHostname)
+	credsSrc = auth.StaticCredentialsSource(map[svchost.Hostname]map[string]interface{}{
+		tfeHost: {"token": testCred},
+	})
+)
+
+func testInput(t *testing.T, answers map[string]string) *mockInput {
+	return &mockInput{answers: answers}
+}
+
+func testBackendDefault(t *testing.T) *Remote {
+	obj := cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+		"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+		"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+		"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+		"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+			"name":   cty.StringVal("prod"),
+			"prefix": cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+		}),
+	})
+	return testBackend(t, obj)
+}
+
+func testBackendNoDefault(t *testing.T) *Remote {
+	obj := cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+		"hostname":     cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+		"organization": cty.StringVal("hashicorp"),
+		"token":        cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+		"workspaces": cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+			"name":   cty.NullVal(cty.String),
+			"prefix": cty.StringVal("my-app-"),
+		}),
+	})
+	return testBackend(t, obj)
+}
+
+func testRemoteClient(t *testing.T) remote.Client {
+	b := testBackendDefault(t)
+	raw, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+	}
+	s := raw.(*remote.State)
+	return s.Client
+}
+
+func testBackend(t *testing.T, obj cty.Value) *Remote {
+	s := testServer(t)
+	b := New(testDisco(s))
+
+	// Configure the backend so the client is created.
+	valDiags := b.ValidateConfig(obj)
+	if len(valDiags) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal(valDiags.ErrWithWarnings())
+	}
+
+	confDiags := b.Configure(obj)
+	if len(confDiags) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal(confDiags.ErrWithWarnings())
+	}
+
+	// Get a new mock client.
+	mc := newMockClient()
+
+	// Replace the services we use with our mock services.
+	b.CLI = cli.NewMockUi()
+	b.client.Applies = mc.Applies
+	b.client.ConfigurationVersions = mc.ConfigurationVersions
+	b.client.Organizations = mc.Organizations
+	b.client.Plans = mc.Plans
+	b.client.PolicyChecks = mc.PolicyChecks
+	b.client.Runs = mc.Runs
+	b.client.StateVersions = mc.StateVersions
+	b.client.Workspaces = mc.Workspaces
+
+	b.ShowDiagnostics = func(vals ...interface{}) {
+		var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+		for _, diag := range diags.Append(vals...) {
+			b.CLI.Error(diag.Description().Summary)
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Create the organization.
+	_, err := b.client.Organizations.Create(ctx, tfe.OrganizationCreateOptions{
+		Name: tfe.String(b.organization),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create the default workspace if required.
+	if b.workspace != "" {
+		_, err = b.client.Workspaces.Create(ctx, b.organization, tfe.WorkspaceCreateOptions{
+			Name: tfe.String(b.workspace),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b
+}
+
+// testServer returns a *httptest.Server used for local testing.
+func testServer(t *testing.T) *httptest.Server {
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+
+	// Respond to service discovery calls.
+	mux.HandleFunc("/well-known/terraform.json", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		io.WriteString(w, `{"tfe.v2":"/api/v2/"}`)
+	})
+
+	return httptest.NewServer(mux)
+}
+
+// testDisco returns a *disco.Disco mapping app.terraform.io and
+// localhost to a local test server.
+func testDisco(s *httptest.Server) *disco.Disco {
+	services := map[string]interface{}{
+		"tfe.v2": fmt.Sprintf("%s/api/v2/", s.URL),
+	}
+	d := disco.NewWithCredentialsSource(credsSrc)
+
+	d.ForceHostServices(svchost.Hostname(defaultHostname), services)
+	d.ForceHostServices(svchost.Hostname("localhost"), services)
+	return d
+}
+
+type unparsedVariableValue struct {
+	value  string
+	source terraform.ValueSourceType
+}
+
+func (v *unparsedVariableValue) ParseVariableValue(mode configs.VariableParsingMode) (*terraform.InputValue, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	return &terraform.InputValue{
+		Value:      cty.StringVal(v.value),
+		SourceType: v.source,
+	}, tfdiags.Diagnostics{}
+}
+
+// testVariable returns a backend.UnparsedVariableValue used for testing.
+func testVariables(s terraform.ValueSourceType, vs ...string) map[string]backend.UnparsedVariableValue {
+	vars := make(map[string]backend.UnparsedVariableValue, len(vs))
+	for _, v := range vs {
+		vars[v] = &unparsedVariableValue{
+			value:  v,
+			source: s,
+		}
+	}
+	return vars
+}

backend/testing.go

@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ func TestBackendConfig(t *testing.T, b Backend, c hcl.Body) Backend {
 	diags = diags.Append(valDiags.InConfigBody(c))
 
 	if len(diags) != 0 {
-		t.Fatal(diags)
+		t.Fatal(diags.ErrWithWarnings())
 	}
 
 	confDiags := b.Configure(obj)
 	if len(confDiags) != 0 {
 		confDiags = confDiags.InConfigBody(c)
-		t.Fatal(confDiags)
+		t.Fatal(confDiags.ErrWithWarnings())
 	}
 
 	return b
@@ -69,19 +69,31 @@ func TestWrapConfig(raw map[string]interface{}) hcl.Body {
 // TestBackend will test the functionality of a Backend. The backend is
 // assumed to already be configured. This will test state functionality.
 // If the backend reports it doesn't support multi-state by returning the
-// error ErrNamedStatesNotSupported, then it will not test that.
+// error ErrWorkspacesNotSupported, then it will not test that.
 func TestBackendStates(t *testing.T, b Backend) {
 	t.Helper()
 
+	noDefault := false
+	if _, err := b.StateMgr(DefaultStateName); err != nil {
+		if err == ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported {
+			noDefault = true
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
-	if err == ErrNamedStatesNotSupported {
-		t.Logf("TestBackend: workspaces not supported in %T, skipping", b)
-		return
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == ErrWorkspacesNotSupported {
+			t.Logf("TestBackend: workspaces not supported in %T, skipping", b)
+			return
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Test it starts with only the default
-	if len(workspaces) != 1 || workspaces[0] != DefaultStateName {
-		t.Fatalf("should only have default to start: %#v", workspaces)
+	if !noDefault && (len(workspaces) != 1 || workspaces[0] != DefaultStateName) {
+		t.Fatalf("should only default to start: %#v", workspaces)
 	}
 
 	// Create a couple states
@@ -111,8 +123,8 @@ func TestBackendStates(t *testing.T, b Backend) {
 	{
 		// We'll use two distinct states here and verify that changing one
 		// does not also change the other.
-		barState := states.NewState()
 		fooState := states.NewState()
+		barState := states.NewState()
 
 		// write a known state to foo
 		if err := foo.WriteState(fooState); err != nil {
@@ -171,7 +183,7 @@ func TestBackendStates(t *testing.T, b Backend) {
 			t.Fatal("after writing a resource to bar and re-reading foo, foo now has resources too")
 		}
 
-		// fetch the bar  again from the backend
+		// fetch the bar again from the backend
 		bar, err = b.StateMgr("bar")
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal("error re-fetching state:", err)
@@ -190,11 +202,14 @@ func TestBackendStates(t *testing.T, b Backend) {
 		// we determined that named stated are supported earlier
 		workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
+			t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		sort.Strings(workspaces)
 		expected := []string{"bar", "default", "foo"}
+		if noDefault {
+			expected = []string{"bar", "foo"}
+		}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(workspaces, expected) {
 			t.Fatalf("wrong workspaces list\ngot:  %#v\nwant: %#v", workspaces, expected)
 		}
@@ -230,16 +245,18 @@ func TestBackendStates(t *testing.T, b Backend) {
 
 	// Verify deletion
 	{
-		states, err := b.Workspaces()
-		if err == ErrWorkspacesNotSupported {
-			t.Logf("TestBackend: named states not supported in %T, skipping", b)
-			return
+		workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
 		}
 
-		sort.Strings(states)
+		sort.Strings(workspaces)
 		expected := []string{"bar", "default"}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expected) {
-			t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", states)
+		if noDefault {
+			expected = []string{"bar"}
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(workspaces, expected) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong workspaces list\ngot:  %#v\nwant: %#v", workspaces, expected)
 		}
 	}
 }

builtin/providers/terraform/data_source_state.go

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configschema"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/providers"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 )
 
 func dataSourceRemoteStateGetSchema() providers.Schema {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func dataSourceRemoteStateRead(d *cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 
 	// Create the client to access our remote state
 	log.Printf("[DEBUG] Initializing remote state backend: %s", backendType)
-	f := backendinit.Backend(backendType)
+	f := backendInit.Backend(backendType)
 	if f == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
 			tfdiags.Error,

builtin/providers/terraform/provider_test.go

@@ -3,19 +3,22 @@ package terraform
 import (
 	"testing"
 
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/providers"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 )
 
 var testAccProviders map[string]*Provider
 var testAccProvider *Provider
 
 func init() {
+	// Initialize the backends
+	backendInit.Init(nil)
+
 	testAccProvider = NewProvider()
 	testAccProviders = map[string]*Provider{
 		"terraform": testAccProvider,
 	}
-	backendinit.Init(nil)
 }
 
 func TestProvider_impl(t *testing.T) {

command/apply.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-getter"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/config/hcl2shim"
@@ -178,18 +177,19 @@ func (c *ApplyCommand) Run(args []string) int {
 	// Build the operation
 	opReq := c.Operation(be)
 	opReq.AutoApprove = autoApprove
-	opReq.Destroy = c.Destroy
 	opReq.ConfigDir = configPath
+	opReq.Destroy = c.Destroy
+	opReq.DestroyForce = destroyForce
 	opReq.PlanFile = planFile
 	opReq.PlanRefresh = refresh
 	opReq.Type = backend.OperationTypeApply
-	opReq.AutoApprove = autoApprove
-	opReq.DestroyForce = destroyForce
+
 	opReq.ConfigLoader, err = c.initConfigLoader()
 	if err != nil {
 		c.showDiagnostics(err)
 		return 1
 	}
+
 	{
 		var moreDiags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 		opReq.Variables, moreDiags = c.collectVariableValues()

command/command_test.go

@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configload"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configschema"
@@ -36,6 +33,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/version"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 )
 
 // This is the directory where our test fixtures are.
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ var testingDir string
 func init() {
 	test = true
 
+	// Initialize the backends
+	backendInit.Init(nil)
+
 	// Expand the fixture dir on init because we change the working
 	// directory in some tests.
 	var err error
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	}
 
 	// Make sure backend init is initialized, since our tests tend to assume it.
-	backendinit.Init(nil)
+	backendInit.Init(nil)
 
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }

command/init.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/config"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs/configschema"
@@ -21,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 )
 
 // InitCommand is a Command implementation that takes a Terraform
@@ -153,10 +154,12 @@ func (c *InitCommand) Run(args []string) int {
 
 	// If our directory is empty, then we're done. We can't get or setup
 	// the backend with an empty directory.
-	if empty, err := config.IsEmptyDir(path); err != nil {
+	empty, err := config.IsEmptyDir(path)
+	if err != nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("Error checking configuration: %s", err))
 		return 1
-	} else if empty {
+	}
+	if empty {
 		c.Ui.Output(c.Colorize().Color(strings.TrimSpace(outputInitEmpty)))
 		return 0
 	}
@@ -212,7 +215,7 @@ func (c *InitCommand) Run(args []string) int {
 				c.Ui.Output(c.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf("\n[reset][bold]Initializing the backend...")))
 
 				backendType := config.Backend.Type
-				bf := backendinit.Backend(backendType)
+				bf := backendInit.Backend(backendType)
 				if bf == nil {
 					diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
 						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
@@ -275,14 +278,12 @@ func (c *InitCommand) Run(args []string) int {
 	if back != nil {
 		sMgr, err := back.StateMgr(c.Workspace())
 		if err != nil {
-			c.Ui.Error(fmt.Sprintf(
-				"Error loading state: %s", err))
+			c.Ui.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error loading state: %s", err))
 			return 1
 		}
 
 		if err := sMgr.RefreshState(); err != nil {
-			c.Ui.Error(fmt.Sprintf(
-				"Error refreshing state: %s", err))
+			c.Ui.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error refreshing state: %s", err))
 			return 1
 		}
 

command/meta.go

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/helper/wrappedstreams"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/providers"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/provisioners"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/auth"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/disco"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
@@ -52,10 +51,6 @@ type Meta struct {
 	// "terraform-native' services running at a specific user-facing hostname.
 	Services *disco.Disco
 
-	// Credentials provides access to credentials for "terraform-native"
-	// services, which are accessed by a service hostname.
-	Credentials auth.CredentialsSource
-
 	// RunningInAutomation indicates that commands are being run by an
 	// automated system rather than directly at a command prompt.
 	//

command/meta_backend.go

@@ -10,23 +10,24 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/errwrap"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl2/hcl"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl2/hcldec"
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-	ctyjson "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/json"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
-	backendlocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/command/clistate"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/plans"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	ctyjson "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/json"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
+	backendLocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 )
 
 // BackendOpts are the options used to initialize a backend.Backend.
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ func (m *Meta) Backend(opts *BackendOpts) (backend.Enhanced, tfdiags.Diagnostics
 		log.Printf("[INFO] command: backend initialized: %T", b)
 	}
 
-	// Setup the CLI opts we pass into backends that support it
+	// Setup the CLI opts we pass into backends that support it.
 	cliOpts := m.backendCLIOpts()
 	cliOpts.Validation = true
 
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ func (m *Meta) Backend(opts *BackendOpts) (backend.Enhanced, tfdiags.Diagnostics
 	}
 
 	// Build the local backend
-	local := &backendlocal.Local{Backend: b}
+	local := backendLocal.NewWithBackend(b)
 	if err := local.CLIInit(cliOpts); err != nil {
 		// Local backend isn't allowed to fail. It would be a bug.
 		panic(err)
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ func (m *Meta) Backend(opts *BackendOpts) (backend.Enhanced, tfdiags.Diagnostics
 func (m *Meta) BackendForPlan(settings plans.Backend) (backend.Enhanced, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 
-	f := backendinit.Backend(settings.Type)
+	f := backendInit.Backend(settings.Type)
 	if f == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(strings.TrimSpace(errBackendSavedUnknown), settings.Type))
 		return nil, diags
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ func (m *Meta) BackendForPlan(settings plans.Backend) (backend.Enhanced, tfdiags
 	// to cause any operations to be run locally.
 	cliOpts := m.backendCLIOpts()
 	cliOpts.Validation = false // don't validate here in case config contains file(...) calls where the file doesn't exist
-	local := &backendlocal.Local{Backend: b}
+	local := backendLocal.NewWithBackend(b)
 	if err := local.CLIInit(cliOpts); err != nil {
 		// Local backend should never fail, so this is always a bug.
 		panic(err)
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ func (m *Meta) backendCLIOpts() *backend.CLIOpts {
 // for some checks that require a remote backend.
 func (m *Meta) IsLocalBackend(b backend.Backend) bool {
 	// Is it a local backend?
-	bLocal, ok := b.(*backendlocal.Local)
+	bLocal, ok := b.(*backendLocal.Local)
 
 	// If it is, does it not have an alternate state backend?
 	if ok {
@@ -267,6 +268,7 @@ func (m *Meta) Operation(b backend.Backend) *backend.Operation {
 
 	return &backend.Operation{
 		PlanOutBackend:   planOutBackend,
+		Parallelism:      m.parallelism,
 		Targets:          m.targets,
 		UIIn:             m.UIInput(),
 		UIOut:            m.Ui,
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ func (m *Meta) backendConfig(opts *BackendOpts) (*configs.Backend, int, tfdiags.
 		return nil, 0, nil
 	}
 
-	bf := backendinit.Backend(c.Type)
+	bf := backendInit.Backend(c.Type)
 	if bf == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
 			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
@@ -598,22 +600,31 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_s(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalSta
 		return nil, diags
 	}
 
-	workspace := m.Workspace()
-
-	localState, err := localB.StateMgr(workspace)
+	workspaces, err := localB.Workspaces()
 	if err != nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendLocalRead, err))
 		return nil, diags
 	}
-	if err := localState.RefreshState(); err != nil {
-		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendLocalRead, err))
-		return nil, diags
+
+	var localStates []state.State
+	for _, workspace := range workspaces {
+		localState, err := localB.StateMgr(workspace)
+		if err != nil {
+			diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendLocalRead, err))
+			return nil, diags
+		}
+		if err := localState.RefreshState(); err != nil {
+			diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendLocalRead, err))
+			return nil, diags
+		}
+
+		// We only care about non-empty states.
+		if localS := localState.State(); !localS.Empty() {
+			localStates = append(localStates, localState)
+		}
 	}
 
-	// If the local state is not empty, we need to potentially do a
-	// state migration to the new backend (with user permission), unless the
-	// destination is also "local"
-	if localS := localState.State(); !localS.Empty() {
+	if len(localStates) > 0 {
 		// Perform the migration
 		err = m.backendMigrateState(&backendMigrateOpts{
 			OneType: "local",
@@ -631,8 +642,8 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_s(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalSta
 		// can get us here too. Don't delete our state if the old and new paths
 		// are the same.
 		erase := true
-		if newLocalB, ok := b.(*backendlocal.Local); ok {
-			if localB, ok := localB.(*backendlocal.Local); ok {
+		if newLocalB, ok := b.(*backendLocal.Local); ok {
+			if localB, ok := localB.(*backendLocal.Local); ok {
 				if newLocalB.StatePath == localB.StatePath {
 					erase = false
 				}
@@ -640,14 +651,16 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_s(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalSta
 		}
 
 		if erase {
-			// We always delete the local state, unless that was our new state too.
-			if err := localState.WriteState(nil); err != nil {
-				diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendMigrateLocalDelete, err))
-				return nil, diags
-			}
-			if err := localState.PersistState(); err != nil {
-				diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendMigrateLocalDelete, err))
-				return nil, diags
+			for _, localState := range localStates {
+				// We always delete the local state, unless that was our new state too.
+				if err := localState.WriteState(nil); err != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendMigrateLocalDelete, err))
+					return nil, diags
+				}
+				if err := localState.PersistState(); err != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(errBackendMigrateLocalDelete, err))
+					return nil, diags
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -687,6 +700,13 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_s(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalSta
 		return nil, diags
 	}
 
+	// Its possible that the currently selected workspace is not migrated,
+	// so we call selectWorkspace to ensure a valid workspace is selected.
+	if err := m.selectWorkspace(b); err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(err)
+		return nil, diags
+	}
+
 	m.Ui.Output(m.Colorize().Color(fmt.Sprintf(
 		"[reset][green]\n"+strings.TrimSpace(successBackendSet), s.Backend.Type)))
 
@@ -694,6 +714,53 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_s(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalSta
 	return b, diags
 }
 
+// selectWorkspace gets a list of migrated workspaces and then checks
+// if the currently selected workspace is valid. If not, it will ask
+// the user to select a workspace from the list.
+func (m *Meta) selectWorkspace(b backend.Backend) error {
+	workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to get migrated workspaces: %s", err)
+	}
+	if len(workspaces) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf(errBackendNoMigratedWorkspaces)
+	}
+
+	// Get the currently selected workspace.
+	workspace := m.Workspace()
+
+	// Check if any of the migrated workspaces match the selected workspace
+	// and create a numbered list with migrated workspaces.
+	var list strings.Builder
+	for i, w := range workspaces {
+		if w == workspace {
+			return nil
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&list, "%d. %s\n", i+1, w)
+	}
+
+	// If the selected workspace is not migrated, ask the user to select
+	// a workspace from the list of migrated workspaces.
+	v, err := m.UIInput().Input(&terraform.InputOpts{
+		Id: "select-workspace",
+		Query: fmt.Sprintf(
+			"[reset][bold][yellow]The currently selected workspace (%s) is not migrated.[reset]",
+			workspace),
+		Description: fmt.Sprintf(
+			strings.TrimSpace(inputBackendSelectWorkspace), list.String()),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error asking to select workspace: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	idx, err := strconv.Atoi(v)
+	if err != nil || (idx < 1 || idx > len(workspaces)) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error selecting workspace: input not a valid number")
+	}
+
+	return m.SetWorkspace(workspaces[idx-1])
+}
+
 // Changing a previously saved backend.
 func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_S_changed(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *state.LocalState, output bool) (backend.Backend, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 	if output {
@@ -797,7 +864,7 @@ func (m *Meta) backend_C_r_S_unchanged(c *configs.Backend, cHash int, sMgr *stat
 	}
 
 	// Get the backend
-	f := backendinit.Backend(s.Backend.Type)
+	f := backendInit.Backend(s.Backend.Type)
 	if f == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(strings.TrimSpace(errBackendSavedUnknown), s.Backend.Type))
 		return nil, diags
@@ -861,7 +928,7 @@ func (m *Meta) backendInitFromConfig(c *configs.Backend) (backend.Backend, cty.V
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 
 	// Get the backend
-	f := backendinit.Backend(c.Type)
+	f := backendInit.Backend(c.Type)
 	if f == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(strings.TrimSpace(errBackendNewUnknown), c.Type))
 		return nil, cty.NilVal, diags
@@ -901,7 +968,7 @@ func (m *Meta) backendInitFromSaved(s *terraform.BackendState) (backend.Backend,
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 
 	// Get the backend
-	f := backendinit.Backend(s.Type)
+	f := backendInit.Backend(s.Type)
 	if f == nil {
 		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf(strings.TrimSpace(errBackendSavedUnknown), s.Type))
 		return nil, diags

command/meta_backend_migrate.go

@@ -10,15 +10,25 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/command/clistate"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
 )
 
+type backendMigrateOpts struct {
+	OneType, TwoType string
+	One, Two         backend.Backend
+
+	// Fields below are set internally when migrate is called
+
+	oneEnv string // source env
+	twoEnv string // dest env
+	force  bool   // if true, won't ask for confirmation
+}
+
 // backendMigrateState handles migrating (copying) state from one backend
 // to another. This function handles asking the user for confirmation
 // as well as the copy itself.
@@ -212,7 +222,47 @@ func (m *Meta) backendMigrateState_s_s(opts *backendMigrateOpts) error {
 			errMigrateSingleLoadDefault), opts.OneType, err)
 	}
 
+	// Do not migrate workspaces without state.
+	if stateOne.State().Empty() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	stateTwo, err := opts.Two.StateMgr(opts.twoEnv)
+	if err == backend.ErrDefaultWorkspaceNotSupported {
+		// If the backend doesn't support using the default state, we ask the user
+		// for a new name and migrate the default state to the given named state.
+		stateTwo, err = func() (statemgr.Full, error) {
+			name, err := m.UIInput().Input(&terraform.InputOpts{
+				Id: "new-state-name",
+				Query: fmt.Sprintf(
+					"[reset][bold][yellow]The %q backend configuration only allows "+
+						"named workspaces![reset]",
+					opts.TwoType),
+				Description: strings.TrimSpace(inputBackendNewWorkspaceName),
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error asking for new state name: %s", err)
+			}
+
+			// Update the name of the target state.
+			opts.twoEnv = name
+
+			stateTwo, err := opts.Two.StateMgr(opts.twoEnv)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			// If the currently selected workspace is the default workspace, then set
+			// the named workspace as the new selected workspace.
+			if m.Workspace() == backend.DefaultStateName {
+				if err := m.SetWorkspace(opts.twoEnv); err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to set new workspace: %s", err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			return stateTwo, nil
+		}()
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf(strings.TrimSpace(
 			errMigrateSingleLoadDefault), opts.TwoType, err)
@@ -381,17 +431,6 @@ func (m *Meta) backendMigrateNonEmptyConfirm(
 	return m.confirm(inputOpts)
 }
 
-type backendMigrateOpts struct {
-	OneType, TwoType string
-	One, Two         backend.Backend
-
-	// Fields below are set internally when migrate is called
-
-	oneEnv string // source env
-	twoEnv string // dest env
-	force  bool   // if true, won't ask for confirmation
-}
-
 const errMigrateLoadStates = `
 Error inspecting states in the %q backend:
     %s
@@ -414,8 +453,8 @@ above error and try again.
 `
 
 const errMigrateMulti = `
-Error migrating the workspace %q from the previous %q backend to the newly
-configured %q backend:
+Error migrating the workspace %q from the previous %q backend
+to the newly configured %q backend:
     %s
 
 Terraform copies workspaces in alphabetical order. Any workspaces
@@ -428,13 +467,22 @@ This will attempt to copy (with permission) all workspaces again.
 `
 
 const errBackendStateCopy = `
-Error copying state from the previous %q backend to the newly configured %q backend:
+Error copying state from the previous %q backend to the newly configured 
+%q backend:
     %s
 
 The state in the previous backend remains intact and unmodified. Please resolve
 the error above and try again.
 `
 
+const errBackendNoMigratedWorkspaces = `
+No workspaces are migrated. Use the "terraform workspace" command to create
+and select a new workspace.
+
+If the backend already contains existing workspaces, you may need to update
+the workspace name or prefix in the backend configuration.
+`
+
 const inputBackendMigrateEmpty = `
 Pre-existing state was found while migrating the previous %q backend to the
 newly configured %q backend. No existing state was found in the newly
@@ -466,9 +514,9 @@ up, or cancel altogether, answer "no" and Terraform will abort.
 `
 
 const inputBackendMigrateMultiToMulti = `
-Both the existing %[1]q backend and the newly configured %[2]q backend support
-workspaces. When migrating between backends, Terraform will copy all
-workspaces (with the same names). THIS WILL OVERWRITE any conflicting
+Both the existing %[1]q backend and the newly configured %[2]q backend
+support workspaces. When migrating between backends, Terraform will copy
+all workspaces (with the same names). THIS WILL OVERWRITE any conflicting
 states in the destination.
 
 Terraform initialization doesn't currently migrate only select workspaces.
@@ -478,3 +526,15 @@ pull and push those states.
 If you answer "yes", Terraform will migrate all states. If you answer
 "no", Terraform will abort.
 `
+
+const inputBackendNewWorkspaceName = `
+Please provide a new workspace name (e.g. dev, test) that will be used
+to migrate the existing default workspace. 
+`
+
+const inputBackendSelectWorkspace = `
+This is expected behavior when the selected workspace did not have an
+existing non-empty state. Please enter a number to select a workspace:
+
+%s
+`

command/meta_backend_test.go

@@ -8,12 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend"
-	backendinit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
-	backendlocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/helper/copy"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/plans"
@@ -22,6 +17,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statefile"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/cli"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
+	backendLocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 )
 
 // Test empty directory with no config/state creates a local state.
@@ -745,8 +745,8 @@ func TestMetaBackend_reconfigureChange(t *testing.T) {
 	defer testChdir(t, td)()
 
 	// Register the single-state backend
-	backendinit.Set("local-single", backendlocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
-	defer backendinit.Set("local-single", nil)
+	backendInit.Set("local-single", backendLocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-single", nil)
 
 	// Setup the meta
 	m := testMetaBackend(t, nil)
@@ -844,12 +844,11 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_singleState(t *testing.T) {
 	defer testChdir(t, td)()
 
 	// Register the single-state backend
-	backendinit.Set("local-single", backendlocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
-	defer backendinit.Set("local-single", nil)
+	backendInit.Set("local-single", backendLocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-single", nil)
 
 	// Ask input
 	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
-		"backend-migrate-to-new":        "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-copy-to-empty": "yes",
 	})()
 
@@ -900,12 +899,11 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToSingleDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	defer testChdir(t, td)()
 
 	// Register the single-state backend
-	backendinit.Set("local-single", backendlocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
-	defer backendinit.Set("local-single", nil)
+	backendInit.Set("local-single", backendLocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-single", nil)
 
 	// Ask input
 	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
-		"backend-migrate-to-new":        "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-copy-to-empty": "yes",
 	})()
 
@@ -955,12 +953,11 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToSingle(t *testing.T) {
 	defer testChdir(t, td)()
 
 	// Register the single-state backend
-	backendinit.Set("local-single", backendlocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
-	defer backendinit.Set("local-single", nil)
+	backendInit.Set("local-single", backendLocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-single", nil)
 
 	// Ask input
 	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
-		"backend-migrate-to-new":               "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-multistate-to-single": "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-copy-to-empty":        "yes",
 	})()
@@ -1001,7 +998,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToSingle(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Verify existing workspaces exist
-	envPath := filepath.Join(backendlocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+	envPath := filepath.Join(backendLocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
 	if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("env should exist")
 	}
@@ -1022,12 +1019,11 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToSingleCurrentEnv(t *testing.T)
 	defer testChdir(t, td)()
 
 	// Register the single-state backend
-	backendinit.Set("local-single", backendlocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
-	defer backendinit.Set("local-single", nil)
+	backendInit.Set("local-single", backendLocal.TestNewLocalSingle)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-single", nil)
 
 	// Ask input
 	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
-		"backend-migrate-to-new":               "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-multistate-to-single": "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-copy-to-empty":        "yes",
 	})()
@@ -1073,7 +1069,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToSingleCurrentEnv(t *testing.T)
 	}
 
 	// Verify existing workspaces exist
-	envPath := filepath.Join(backendlocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+	envPath := filepath.Join(backendLocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
 	if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("env should exist")
 	}
@@ -1090,7 +1086,6 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToMulti(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Ask input
 	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
-		"backend-migrate-to-new":                   "yes",
 		"backend-migrate-multistate-to-multistate": "yes",
 	})()
 
@@ -1104,15 +1099,15 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToMulti(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check resulting states
-	states, err := b.Workspaces()
+	workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	sort.Strings(states)
+	sort.Strings(workspaces)
 	expected := []string{"default", "env2"}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(states, expected) {
-		t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", states)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(workspaces, expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", workspaces)
 	}
 
 	{
@@ -1158,7 +1153,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToMulti(t *testing.T) {
 
 	{
 		// Verify existing workspaces exist
-		envPath := filepath.Join(backendlocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		envPath := filepath.Join(backendLocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
 		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal("env should exist")
 		}
@@ -1166,7 +1161,159 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToMulti(t *testing.T) {
 
 	{
 		// Verify new workspaces exist
-		envPath := filepath.Join("envdir-new", "env2", backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		envPath := filepath.Join("envdir-new", "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal("env should exist")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Changing a configured backend that supports multi-state to a
+// backend that also supports multi-state, but doesn't allow a
+// default state while the default state is non-empty.
+func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToNoDefaultWithDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary working directory that is empty
+	td := tempDir(t)
+	copy.CopyDir(testFixturePath("backend-change-multi-to-no-default-with-default"), td)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(td)
+	defer testChdir(t, td)()
+
+	// Register the single-state backend
+	backendInit.Set("local-no-default", backendLocal.TestNewLocalNoDefault)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-no-default", nil)
+
+	// Ask input
+	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
+		"backend-migrate-multistate-to-multistate": "yes",
+		"new-state-name": "env1",
+	})()
+
+	// Setup the meta
+	m := testMetaBackend(t, nil)
+
+	// Get the backend
+	b, diags := m.Backend(&BackendOpts{Init: true})
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		t.Fatal(diags.Err())
+	}
+
+	// Check resulting states
+	workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(workspaces)
+	expected := []string{"env1", "env2"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(workspaces, expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", workspaces)
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Check the renamed default state
+		s, err := b.StateMgr("env1")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		if err := s.RefreshState(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		state := s.State()
+		if state == nil {
+			t.Fatal("state should not be nil")
+		}
+		if testStateMgrCurrentLineage(s) != "backend-change-env1" {
+			t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", state)
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Verify existing workspaces exist
+		envPath := filepath.Join(backendLocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal("env should exist")
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Verify new workspaces exist
+		envPath := filepath.Join("envdir-new", "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal("env should exist")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Changing a configured backend that supports multi-state to a
+// backend that also supports multi-state, but doesn't allow a
+// default state while the default state is empty.
+func TestMetaBackend_configuredChangeCopy_multiToNoDefaultWithoutDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary working directory that is empty
+	td := tempDir(t)
+	copy.CopyDir(testFixturePath("backend-change-multi-to-no-default-without-default"), td)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(td)
+	defer testChdir(t, td)()
+
+	// Register the single-state backend
+	backendInit.Set("local-no-default", backendLocal.TestNewLocalNoDefault)
+	defer backendInit.Set("local-no-default", nil)
+
+	// Ask input
+	defer testInputMap(t, map[string]string{
+		"backend-migrate-multistate-to-multistate": "yes",
+		"select-workspace":                         "1",
+	})()
+
+	// Setup the meta
+	m := testMetaBackend(t, nil)
+
+	// Get the backend
+	b, diags := m.Backend(&BackendOpts{Init: true})
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		t.Fatal(diags.Err())
+	}
+
+	// Check resulting states
+	workspaces, err := b.Workspaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(workspaces)
+	expected := []string{"default", "env2"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(workspaces, expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", workspaces)
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Check the named state
+		s, err := b.StateMgr("env2")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		if err := s.RefreshState(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		state := s.State()
+		if state == nil {
+			t.Fatal("state should not be nil")
+		}
+		if testStateMgrCurrentLineage(s) != "backend-change-env2" {
+			t.Fatalf("bad: %#v", state)
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Verify existing workspaces exist
+		envPath := filepath.Join(backendLocal.DefaultWorkspaceDir, "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal("env should exist")
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Verify new workspaces exist
+		envPath := filepath.Join("envdir-new", "env2", backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename)
 		if _, err := os.Stat(envPath); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal("env should exist")
 		}
@@ -1611,7 +1758,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configureWithExtra(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check the state
-	s := testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename))
+	s := testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename))
 	if s.Backend.Hash != cHash {
 		t.Fatal("mismatched state and config backend hashes")
 	}
@@ -1627,7 +1774,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configureWithExtra(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check the state
-	s = testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename))
+	s = testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename))
 	if s.Backend.Hash != cHash {
 		t.Fatal("mismatched state and config backend hashes")
 	}
@@ -1694,7 +1841,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configToExtra(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check the state
-	s := testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename))
+	s := testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename))
 	backendHash := s.Backend.Hash
 
 	// init again but remove the path option from the config
@@ -1715,7 +1862,7 @@ func TestMetaBackend_configToExtra(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(diags.Err())
 	}
 
-	s = testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendlocal.DefaultStateFilename))
+	s = testDataStateRead(t, filepath.Join(DefaultDataDir, backendLocal.DefaultStateFilename))
 
 	if s.Backend.Hash == backendHash {
 		t.Fatal("state.Backend.Hash was not updated")

command/plan.go

@@ -95,17 +95,19 @@ func (c *PlanCommand) Run(args []string) int {
 
 	// Build the operation
 	opReq := c.Operation(b)
-	opReq.Destroy = destroy
 	opReq.ConfigDir = configPath
+	opReq.Destroy = destroy
 	opReq.PlanRefresh = refresh
 	opReq.PlanOutPath = outPath
 	opReq.PlanRefresh = refresh
 	opReq.Type = backend.OperationTypePlan
+
 	opReq.ConfigLoader, err = c.initConfigLoader()
 	if err != nil {
 		c.showDiagnostics(err)
 		return 1
 	}
+
 	{
 		var moreDiags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 		opReq.Variables, moreDiags = c.collectVariableValues()

command/state_meta.go

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/addrs"
-	backendlocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/state"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statemgr"
+
+	backendLocal "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/local"
 )
 
 // StateMeta is the meta struct that should be embedded in state subcommands.
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ func (c *StateMeta) State() (state.State, error) {
 			// This should never fail
 			panic(backendDiags.Err())
 		}
-		localB := localRaw.(*backendlocal.Local)
+		localB := localRaw.(*backendLocal.Local)
 		_, stateOutPath, _ = localB.StatePaths(workspace)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err

command/test-fixtures/backend-change-multi-to-no-default-with-default/main.tf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 terraform {
     backend "local-no-default" {
-        environment_dir = "envdir-new"
+        workspace_dir = "envdir-new"
     }
 }

command/test-fixtures/backend-change-multi-to-no-default-without-default/main.tf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 terraform {
     backend "local-no-default" {
-        environment_dir = "envdir-new"
+        workspace_dir = "envdir-new"
     }
 }

go.mod

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0
 	github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0
+	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/gax-go v0.0.0-20161107002406-da06d194a00e // indirect
 	github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v0.0.0-20170524130959-3027adb1ce72
 	github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181004151105-1babbf986f6f // indirect
@@ -65,7 +66,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.0.0-20160930035102-6e85be8fee1d
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v0.0.0-20160503143440-6bb64b370b90
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-safetemp v0.0.0-20180326211150-b1a1dbde6fdc // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-slug v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-sockaddr v0.0.0-20180320115054-6d291a969b86 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe v0.2.6
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-version v0.0.0-20180322230233-23480c066577
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.0 // indirect
@@ -118,6 +121,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v0.0.0-20180222194500-ef6db91d284a // indirect
 	github.com/soheilhy/cmux v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.0.2
+	github.com/svanharmelen/jsonapi v0.0.0-20180618144545-0c0828c3f16d // indirect
 	github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-aws v1.41.0
 	github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-openstack v0.0.0-20170616075611-4080a521c6ea
 	github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-template v1.0.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -97,6 +97,8 @@ github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c h1:964Od4U6p2jUkFxvCy
 github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c/go.mod h1:lNA+9X1NB3Zf8V7Ke586lFgjr2dZNuvo3lPJSGZ5JPQ=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0 h1:+dTQ8DZQJz0Mb/HjFlkptS1FeQ4cWSnN941F8aEG4SQ=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5aqRK0M=
+github.com/google/go-querystring v1.0.0 h1:Xkwi/a1rcvNg1PPYe5vI8GbeBY/jrVuDX5ASuANWTrk=
+github.com/google/go-querystring v1.0.0/go.mod h1:odCYkC5MyYFN7vkCjXpyrEuKhc/BUO6wN/zVPAxq5ck=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go v0.0.0-20161107002406-da06d194a00e h1:CYRpN206UTHUinz3VJoLaBdy1gEGeJNsqT0mvswDcMw=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go v0.0.0-20161107002406-da06d194a00e/go.mod h1:SFVmujtThgffbyetf+mdk2eWhX2bMyUtNHzFKcPA9HY=
 github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v0.0.0-20170524130959-3027adb1ce72 h1:I0ssFkBxJw27fhEVIBVjGQVMqKj5HyzfvfIhdr5Tx2E=
@@ -141,8 +143,12 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v0.0.0-20160503143440-6bb64b370b90 h1:9HVkPxOp
 github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v0.0.0-20160503143440-6bb64b370b90/go.mod h1:o4zcYY1e0GEZI6eSEr+43QDYmuGglw1qSO6qdHUHCgg=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-safetemp v0.0.0-20180326211150-b1a1dbde6fdc h1:wAa9fGALVHfjYxZuXRnmuJG2CnwRpJYOTvY6YdErAh0=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-safetemp v0.0.0-20180326211150-b1a1dbde6fdc/go.mod h1:oaerMy3BhqiTbVye6QuFhFtIceqFoDHxNAB65b+Rj1I=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-slug v0.1.0 h1:MJGEiOwRGrQCBmMMZABHqIESySFJ4ajrsjgDI4/aFI0=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-slug v0.1.0/go.mod h1:+zDycQOzGqOqMW7Kn2fp9vz/NtqpMLQlgb9JUF+0km4=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-sockaddr v0.0.0-20180320115054-6d291a969b86 h1:7YOlAIO2YWnJZkQp7B5eFykaIY7C9JndqAFQyVV5BhM=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-sockaddr v0.0.0-20180320115054-6d291a969b86/go.mod h1:7Xibr9yA9JjQq1JpNB2Vw7kxv8xerXegt+ozgdvDeDU=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe v0.2.6 h1:o2ryV7ZS0BgaLfNvzWz+A/6J70UETMy+wFL+DQlUy/M=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-tfe v0.2.6/go.mod h1:nJs7lSMcNPGQQtjyPG6en099CQ/f83+hfeeSqehl2Fg=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.0 h1:RS8zrF7PhGwyNPOtxSClXXj9HA8feRnJzgnI1RJCSnM=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.0/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/bN7x4byOro=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-version v0.0.0-20180322230233-23480c066577 h1:at4+18LrM8myamuV7/vT6x2s1JNXp2k4PsSbt4I02X4=
@@ -277,6 +283,8 @@ github.com/spf13/afero v1.0.2/go.mod h1:j4pytiNVoe2o6bmDsKpLACNPDBIoEAkihy7loJ1B
 github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.2/go.mod h1:DYY7MBk1bdzusC3SYhjObp+wFpr4gzcvqqNjLnInEg4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2 h1:bSDNvY7ZPG5RlJ8otE/7V6gMiyenm9RtJ7IUVIAoJ1w=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
+github.com/svanharmelen/jsonapi v0.0.0-20180618144545-0c0828c3f16d h1:Z4EH+5EffvBEhh37F0C0DnpklTMh00JOkjW5zK3ofBI=
+github.com/svanharmelen/jsonapi v0.0.0-20180618144545-0c0828c3f16d/go.mod h1:BSTlc8jOjh0niykqEGVXOLXdi9o0r0kR8tCYiMvjFgw=
 github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-aws v1.41.0 h1:ZOuxMXREOtJ+SHMX5SnbZbiqYhl9GNfZDl4f0H6CaOM=
 github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-aws v1.41.0/go.mod h1:uvqaeKnm2ydZ2LuKuW1NDNBu6heC/7IDGXWm36/6oKs=
 github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-openstack v0.0.0-20170616075611-4080a521c6ea h1:IfuzHOI3XwwYZS2Xw8SQbxOtGXlIUrKtXtuDCTNxmsQ=

main.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-plugin"
-	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/command/format"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/helper/logging"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/svchost/disco"
@@ -22,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/mitchellh/colorstring"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/panicwrap"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/prefixedio"
+
+	backendInit "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend/init"
 )
 
 const (

registry/client_test.go

@@ -85,6 +85,18 @@ func TestRegistryAuth(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
+	_, err = client.ModuleVersions(mod)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = client.ModuleLocation(mod, "1.0.0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Also test without a credentials source
+	client.services.SetCredentialsSource(nil)
+
 	// both should fail without auth
 	_, err = client.ModuleVersions(mod)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -94,18 +106,6 @@ func TestRegistryAuth(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
-
-	// Also test without a credentials source
-	client.services.SetCredentialsSource(nil)
-
-	_, err = client.ModuleVersions(mod)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	_, err = client.ModuleLocation(mod, "1.0.0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestLookupModuleLocationRelative(t *testing.T) {

website/docs/backends/types/manta.html.md

@@ -49,5 +49,4 @@ The following configuration options are supported:
  * `key_id` - (Required) This is the fingerprint of the public key matching the key specified in key_path. It can be obtained via the command ssh-keygen -l -E md5 -f /path/to/key. Can be set via the `SDC_KEY_ID` or `TRITON_KEY_ID` environment variables.
  * `insecure_skip_tls_verify` - (Optional) This allows skipping TLS verification of the Triton endpoint. It is useful when connecting to a temporary Triton installation such as Cloud-On-A-Laptop which does not generally use a certificate signed by a trusted root CA. Defaults to `false`.
  * `path` - (Required) The path relative to your private storage directory (`/$MANTA_USER/stor`) where the state file will be stored. **Please Note:** If this path does not exist, then the backend will create this folder location as part of backend creation.
- * `objectName` - (Optional, Deprecated) Use `object_name` instead.
  * `object_name` - (Optional) The name of the state file (defaults to `terraform.tfstate`)

website/docs/backends/types/terraform-enterprise.html.md

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ description: |-
 
 # terraform enterprise
 
+-> **Deprecated** Please use the new enhanced [remote](/docs/backends/types/remote.html)
+backend for storing state and running remote operations in Terraform Enterprise.
+
 **Kind: Standard (with no locking)**
 
 Reads and writes state from a [Terraform Enterprise](/docs/enterprise/index.html)