terraform/internal/command/jsonplan/plan.go

package jsonplan

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"sort"

	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
	ctyjson "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/json"

	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/configs"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/internal/addrs"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/internal/command/jsonconfig"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/internal/command/jsonstate"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/plans"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/statefile"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/terraform"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/version"
)

// FormatVersion represents the version of the json format and will be
// incremented for any change to this format that requires changes to a
// consuming parser.
const FormatVersion = "0.1"

// Plan is the top-level representation of the json format of a plan. It includes
// the complete config and current state.
type plan struct {
	FormatVersion    string      `json:"format_version,omitempty"`
	TerraformVersion string      `json:"terraform_version,omitempty"`
	Variables        variables   `json:"variables,omitempty"`
	PlannedValues    stateValues `json:"planned_values,omitempty"`
	// ResourceDrift and ResourceChanges are sorted in a user-friendly order
	// that is undefined at this time, but consistent.
	ResourceDrift   []resourceChange  `json:"resource_drift,omitempty"`
	ResourceChanges []resourceChange  `json:"resource_changes,omitempty"`
	OutputChanges   map[string]change `json:"output_changes,omitempty"`
	PriorState      json.RawMessage   `json:"prior_state,omitempty"`
	Config          json.RawMessage   `json:"configuration,omitempty"`
}

func newPlan() *plan {
	return &plan{
		FormatVersion: FormatVersion,
	}
}

// Change is the representation of a proposed change for an object.
type change struct {
	// Actions are the actions that will be taken on the object selected by the
	// properties below. Valid actions values are:
	//    ["no-op"]
	//    ["create"]
	//    ["read"]
	//    ["update"]
	//    ["delete", "create"]
	//    ["create", "delete"]
	//    ["delete"]
	// The two "replace" actions are represented in this way to allow callers to
	// e.g. just scan the list for "delete" to recognize all three situations
	// where the object will be deleted, allowing for any new deletion
	// combinations that might be added in future.
	Actions []string `json:"actions,omitempty"`

	// Before and After are representations of the object value both before and
	// after the action. For ["create"] and ["delete"] actions, either "before"
	// or "after" is unset (respectively). For ["no-op"], the before and after
	// values are identical. The "after" value will be incomplete if there are
	// values within it that won't be known until after apply.
	Before json.RawMessage `json:"before,omitempty"`
	After  json.RawMessage `json:"after,omitempty"`

	// AfterUnknown is an object value with similar structure to After, but
	// with all unknown leaf values replaced with true, and all known leaf
	// values omitted.  This can be combined with After to reconstruct a full
	// value after the action, including values which will only be known after
	// apply.
	AfterUnknown json.RawMessage `json:"after_unknown,omitempty"`

	// BeforeSensitive and AfterSensitive are object values with similar
	// structure to Before and After, but with all sensitive leaf values
	// replaced with true, and all non-sensitive leaf values omitted. These
	// objects should be combined with Before and After to prevent accidental
	// display of sensitive values in user interfaces.
	BeforeSensitive json.RawMessage `json:"before_sensitive,omitempty"`
	AfterSensitive  json.RawMessage `json:"after_sensitive,omitempty"`

	// ReplacePaths is an array of arrays representing a set of paths into the
	// object value which resulted in the action being "replace". This will be
	// omitted if the action is not replace, or if no paths caused the
	// replacement (for example, if the resource was tainted). Each path
	// consists of one or more steps, each of which will be a number or a
	// string.
	ReplacePaths json.RawMessage `json:"replace_paths,omitempty"`
}

type output struct {
	Sensitive bool            `json:"sensitive"`
	Value     json.RawMessage `json:"value,omitempty"`
}

// variables is the JSON representation of the variables provided to the current
// plan.
type variables map[string]*variable

type variable struct {
	Value json.RawMessage `json:"value,omitempty"`
}

// Marshal returns the json encoding of a terraform plan.
func Marshal(
	config *configs.Config,
	p *plans.Plan,
	sf *statefile.File,
	schemas *terraform.Schemas,
) ([]byte, error) {
	output := newPlan()
	output.TerraformVersion = version.String()

	err := output.marshalPlanVariables(p.VariableValues, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error in marshalPlanVariables: %s", err)
	}

	// output.PlannedValues
	err = output.marshalPlannedValues(p.Changes, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error in marshalPlannedValues: %s", err)
	}

	// output.ResourceDrift
	err = output.marshalResourceDrift(p.PrevRunState, p.PriorState, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error in marshalResourceDrift: %s", err)
	}

	// output.ResourceChanges
	err = output.marshalResourceChanges(p.Changes, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error in marshalResourceChanges: %s", err)
	}

	// output.OutputChanges
	err = output.marshalOutputChanges(p.Changes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error in marshaling output changes: %s", err)
	}

	// output.PriorState
	if sf != nil && !sf.State.Empty() {
		output.PriorState, err = jsonstate.Marshal(sf, schemas)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error marshaling prior state: %s", err)
		}
	}

	// output.Config
	output.Config, err = jsonconfig.Marshal(config, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error marshaling config: %s", err)
	}

	ret, err := json.Marshal(output)
	return ret, err
}

func (p *plan) marshalPlanVariables(vars map[string]plans.DynamicValue, schemas *terraform.Schemas) error {
	if len(vars) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	p.Variables = make(variables, len(vars))

	for k, v := range vars {
		val, err := v.Decode(cty.DynamicPseudoType)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		valJSON, err := ctyjson.Marshal(val, val.Type())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		p.Variables[k] = &variable{
			Value: valJSON,
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (p *plan) marshalResourceDrift(oldState, newState *states.State, schemas *terraform.Schemas) error {
	// Our goal here is to build a data structure of the same shape as we use
	// to describe planned resource changes, but in this case we'll be
	// taking the old and new values from different state snapshots rather
	// than from a real "Changes" object.
	//
	// In doing this we make an assumption that drift detection can only
	// ever show objects as updated or removed, and will never show anything
	// as created because we only refresh objects we were already tracking
	// after the previous run. This means we can use oldState as our baseline
	// for what resource instances we might include, and check for each item
	// whether it's present in newState. If we ever have some mechanism to
	// detect "additive drift" later then we'll need to take a different
	// approach here, but we have no plans for that at the time of writing.
	//
	// We also assume that both states have had all managed resource objects
	// upgraded to match the current schemas given in schemas, so we shouldn't
	// need to contend with oldState having old-shaped objects even if the
	// user changed provider versions since the last run.

	if newState.ManagedResourcesEqual(oldState) {
		// Nothing to do, because we only detect and report drift for managed
		// resource instances.
		return nil
	}
	for _, ms := range oldState.Modules {
		for _, rs := range ms.Resources {
			if rs.Addr.Resource.Mode != addrs.ManagedResourceMode {
				// Drift reporting is only for managed resources
				continue
			}

			provider := rs.ProviderConfig.Provider
			for key, oldIS := range rs.Instances {
				if oldIS.Current == nil {
					// Not interested in instances that only have deposed objects
					continue
				}
				addr := rs.Addr.Instance(key)
				newIS := newState.ResourceInstance(addr)

				schema, _ := schemas.ResourceTypeConfig(
					provider,
					addr.Resource.Resource.Mode,
					addr.Resource.Resource.Type,
				)
				if schema == nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("no schema found for %s (in provider %s)", addr, provider)
				}
				ty := schema.ImpliedType()

				oldObj, err := oldIS.Current.Decode(ty)
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode previous run data for %s: %s", addr, err)
				}

				var newObj *states.ResourceInstanceObject
				if newIS != nil && newIS.Current != nil {
					newObj, err = newIS.Current.Decode(ty)
					if err != nil {
						return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode refreshed data for %s: %s", addr, err)
					}
				}

				var oldVal, newVal cty.Value
				oldVal = oldObj.Value
				if newObj != nil {
					newVal = newObj.Value
				} else {
					newVal = cty.NullVal(ty)
				}
				oldSensitive := sensitiveAsBool(oldVal)
				newSensitive := sensitiveAsBool(newVal)
				oldVal, _ = oldVal.UnmarkDeep()
				newVal, _ = newVal.UnmarkDeep()

				var before, after []byte
				var beforeSensitive, afterSensitive []byte
				before, err = ctyjson.Marshal(oldVal, oldVal.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode previous run data for %s as JSON: %s", addr, err)
				}
				after, err = ctyjson.Marshal(newVal, oldVal.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode refreshed data for %s as JSON: %s", addr, err)
				}
				beforeSensitive, err = ctyjson.Marshal(oldSensitive, oldSensitive.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode previous run data sensitivity for %s as JSON: %s", addr, err)
				}
				afterSensitive, err = ctyjson.Marshal(newSensitive, newSensitive.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode refreshed data sensitivity for %s as JSON: %s", addr, err)
				}

				// We can only detect updates and deletes as drift.
				action := plans.Update
				if newVal.IsNull() {
					action = plans.Delete
				}

				change := resourceChange{
					ModuleAddress: addr.Module.String(),
					Mode:          "managed", // drift reporting is only for managed resources
					Name:          addr.Resource.Resource.Name,
					Type:          addr.Resource.Resource.Type,
					ProviderName:  provider.String(),

					Change: change{
						Actions:         actionString(action.String()),
						Before:          json.RawMessage(before),
						BeforeSensitive: json.RawMessage(beforeSensitive),
						After:           json.RawMessage(after),
						AfterSensitive:  json.RawMessage(afterSensitive),
						// AfterUnknown is never populated here because
						// values in a state are always fully known.
					},
				}
				p.ResourceDrift = append(p.ResourceDrift, change)
			}
		}
	}

	sort.Slice(p.ResourceChanges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return p.ResourceChanges[i].Address < p.ResourceChanges[j].Address
	})

	return nil
}

func (p *plan) marshalResourceChanges(changes *plans.Changes, schemas *terraform.Schemas) error {
	if changes == nil {
		// Nothing to do!
		return nil
	}
	for _, rc := range changes.Resources {
		var r resourceChange
		addr := rc.Addr
		r.Address = addr.String()

		dataSource := addr.Resource.Resource.Mode == addrs.DataResourceMode
		// We create "delete" actions for data resources so we can clean up
		// their entries in state, but this is an implementation detail that
		// users shouldn't see.
		if dataSource && rc.Action == plans.Delete {
			continue
		}

		schema, _ := schemas.ResourceTypeConfig(
			rc.ProviderAddr.Provider,
			addr.Resource.Resource.Mode,
			addr.Resource.Resource.Type,
		)
		if schema == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("no schema found for %s (in provider %s)", r.Address, rc.ProviderAddr.Provider)
		}

		changeV, err := rc.Decode(schema.ImpliedType())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// We drop the marks from the change, as decoding is only an
		// intermediate step to re-encode the values as json
		changeV.Before, _ = changeV.Before.UnmarkDeep()
		changeV.After, _ = changeV.After.UnmarkDeep()

		var before, after []byte
		var beforeSensitive, afterSensitive []byte
		var afterUnknown cty.Value

		if changeV.Before != cty.NilVal {
			before, err = ctyjson.Marshal(changeV.Before, changeV.Before.Type())
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			marks := rc.BeforeValMarks
			if schema.ContainsSensitive() {
				marks = append(marks, schema.ValueMarks(changeV.Before, nil)...)
			}
			bs := sensitiveAsBool(changeV.Before.MarkWithPaths(marks))
			beforeSensitive, err = ctyjson.Marshal(bs, bs.Type())
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		if changeV.After != cty.NilVal {
			if changeV.After.IsWhollyKnown() {
				after, err = ctyjson.Marshal(changeV.After, changeV.After.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				afterUnknown = cty.EmptyObjectVal
			} else {
				filteredAfter := omitUnknowns(changeV.After)
				if filteredAfter.IsNull() {
					after = nil
				} else {
					after, err = ctyjson.Marshal(filteredAfter, filteredAfter.Type())
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}
				afterUnknown = unknownAsBool(changeV.After)
			}
			marks := rc.AfterValMarks
			if schema.ContainsSensitive() {
				marks = append(marks, schema.ValueMarks(changeV.After, nil)...)
			}
			as := sensitiveAsBool(changeV.After.MarkWithPaths(marks))
			afterSensitive, err = ctyjson.Marshal(as, as.Type())
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		a, err := ctyjson.Marshal(afterUnknown, afterUnknown.Type())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		replacePaths, err := encodePaths(rc.RequiredReplace)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		r.Change = change{
			Actions:         actionString(rc.Action.String()),
			Before:          json.RawMessage(before),
			After:           json.RawMessage(after),
			AfterUnknown:    a,
			BeforeSensitive: json.RawMessage(beforeSensitive),
			AfterSensitive:  json.RawMessage(afterSensitive),
			ReplacePaths:    replacePaths,
		}

		if rc.DeposedKey != states.NotDeposed {
			r.Deposed = rc.DeposedKey.String()
		}

		key := addr.Resource.Key
		if key != nil {
			r.Index = key
		}

		switch addr.Resource.Resource.Mode {
		case addrs.ManagedResourceMode:
			r.Mode = "managed"
		case addrs.DataResourceMode:
			r.Mode = "data"
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("resource %s has an unsupported mode %s", r.Address, addr.Resource.Resource.Mode.String())
		}
		r.ModuleAddress = addr.Module.String()
		r.Name = addr.Resource.Resource.Name
		r.Type = addr.Resource.Resource.Type
		r.ProviderName = rc.ProviderAddr.Provider.String()

		switch rc.ActionReason {
		case plans.ResourceInstanceChangeNoReason:
			r.ActionReason = "" // will be omitted in output
		case plans.ResourceInstanceReplaceBecauseCannotUpdate:
			r.ActionReason = "replace_because_cannot_update"
		case plans.ResourceInstanceReplaceBecauseTainted:
			r.ActionReason = "replace_because_tainted"
		case plans.ResourceInstanceReplaceByRequest:
			r.ActionReason = "replace_by_request"
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("resource %s has an unsupported action reason %s", r.Address, rc.ActionReason)
		}

		p.ResourceChanges = append(p.ResourceChanges, r)

	}

	sort.Slice(p.ResourceChanges, func(i, j int) bool {
		return p.ResourceChanges[i].Address < p.ResourceChanges[j].Address
	})

	return nil
}

func (p *plan) marshalOutputChanges(changes *plans.Changes) error {
	if changes == nil {
		// Nothing to do!
		return nil
	}

	p.OutputChanges = make(map[string]change, len(changes.Outputs))
	for _, oc := range changes.Outputs {
		changeV, err := oc.Decode()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// We drop the marks from the change, as decoding is only an
		// intermediate step to re-encode the values as json
		changeV.Before, _ = changeV.Before.UnmarkDeep()
		changeV.After, _ = changeV.After.UnmarkDeep()

		var before, after []byte
		afterUnknown := cty.False
		if changeV.Before != cty.NilVal {
			before, err = ctyjson.Marshal(changeV.Before, changeV.Before.Type())
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		if changeV.After != cty.NilVal {
			if changeV.After.IsWhollyKnown() {
				after, err = ctyjson.Marshal(changeV.After, changeV.After.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
			} else {
				afterUnknown = cty.True
			}
		}

		// The only information we have in the plan about output sensitivity is
		// a boolean which is true if the output was or is marked sensitive. As
		// a result, BeforeSensitive and AfterSensitive will be identical, and
		// either false or true.
		outputSensitive := cty.False
		if oc.Sensitive {
			outputSensitive = cty.True
		}
		sensitive, err := ctyjson.Marshal(outputSensitive, outputSensitive.Type())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		a, _ := ctyjson.Marshal(afterUnknown, afterUnknown.Type())

		c := change{
			Actions:         actionString(oc.Action.String()),
			Before:          json.RawMessage(before),
			After:           json.RawMessage(after),
			AfterUnknown:    a,
			BeforeSensitive: json.RawMessage(sensitive),
			AfterSensitive:  json.RawMessage(sensitive),
		}

		p.OutputChanges[oc.Addr.OutputValue.Name] = c
	}

	return nil
}

func (p *plan) marshalPlannedValues(changes *plans.Changes, schemas *terraform.Schemas) error {
	// marshal the planned changes into a module
	plan, err := marshalPlannedValues(changes, schemas)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.PlannedValues.RootModule = plan

	// marshalPlannedOutputs
	outputs, err := marshalPlannedOutputs(changes)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	p.PlannedValues.Outputs = outputs

	return nil
}

// omitUnknowns recursively walks the src cty.Value and returns a new cty.Value,
// omitting any unknowns.
//
// The result also normalizes some types: all sequence types are turned into
// tuple types and all mapping types are converted to object types, since we
// assume the result of this is just going to be serialized as JSON (and thus
// lose those distinctions) anyway.
func omitUnknowns(val cty.Value) cty.Value {
	ty := val.Type()
	switch {
	case val.IsNull():
		return val
	case !val.IsKnown():
		return cty.NilVal
	case ty.IsPrimitiveType():
		return val
	case ty.IsListType() || ty.IsTupleType() || ty.IsSetType():
		var vals []cty.Value
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			_, v := it.Element()
			newVal := omitUnknowns(v)
			if newVal != cty.NilVal {
				vals = append(vals, newVal)
			} else if newVal == cty.NilVal && ty.IsListType() {
				// list length may be significant, so we will turn unknowns into nulls
				vals = append(vals, cty.NullVal(v.Type()))
			}
		}
		// We use tuple types always here, because the work we did above
		// may have caused the individual elements to have different types,
		// and we're doing this work to produce JSON anyway and JSON marshalling
		// represents all of these sequence types as an array.
		return cty.TupleVal(vals)
	case ty.IsMapType() || ty.IsObjectType():
		vals := make(map[string]cty.Value)
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			k, v := it.Element()
			newVal := omitUnknowns(v)
			if newVal != cty.NilVal {
				vals[k.AsString()] = newVal
			}
		}
		// We use object types always here, because the work we did above
		// may have caused the individual elements to have different types,
		// and we're doing this work to produce JSON anyway and JSON marshalling
		// represents both of these mapping types as an object.
		return cty.ObjectVal(vals)
	default:
		// Should never happen, since the above should cover all types
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("omitUnknowns cannot handle %#v", val))
	}
}

// recursively iterate through a cty.Value, replacing unknown values (including
// null) with cty.True and known values with cty.False.
//
// The result also normalizes some types: all sequence types are turned into
// tuple types and all mapping types are converted to object types, since we
// assume the result of this is just going to be serialized as JSON (and thus
// lose those distinctions) anyway.
//
// For map/object values, all known attribute values will be omitted instead of
// returning false, as this results in a more compact serialization.
func unknownAsBool(val cty.Value) cty.Value {
	ty := val.Type()
	switch {
	case val.IsNull():
		return cty.False
	case !val.IsKnown():
		if ty.IsPrimitiveType() || ty.Equals(cty.DynamicPseudoType) {
			return cty.True
		}
		fallthrough
	case ty.IsPrimitiveType():
		return cty.BoolVal(!val.IsKnown())
	case ty.IsListType() || ty.IsTupleType() || ty.IsSetType():
		length := val.LengthInt()
		if length == 0 {
			// If there are no elements then we can't have unknowns
			return cty.EmptyTupleVal
		}
		vals := make([]cty.Value, 0, length)
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			_, v := it.Element()
			vals = append(vals, unknownAsBool(v))
		}
		// The above transform may have changed the types of some of the
		// elements, so we'll always use a tuple here in case we've now made
		// different elements have different types. Our ultimate goal is to
		// marshal to JSON anyway, and all of these sequence types are
		// indistinguishable in JSON.
		return cty.TupleVal(vals)
	case ty.IsMapType() || ty.IsObjectType():
		var length int
		switch {
		case ty.IsMapType():
			length = val.LengthInt()
		default:
			length = len(val.Type().AttributeTypes())
		}
		if length == 0 {
			// If there are no elements then we can't have unknowns
			return cty.EmptyObjectVal
		}
		vals := make(map[string]cty.Value)
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			k, v := it.Element()
			vAsBool := unknownAsBool(v)
			// Omit all of the "false"s for known values for more compact
			// serialization
			if !vAsBool.RawEquals(cty.False) {
				vals[k.AsString()] = unknownAsBool(v)
			}
		}
		// The above transform may have changed the types of some of the
		// elements, so we'll always use an object here in case we've now made
		// different elements have different types. Our ultimate goal is to
		// marshal to JSON anyway, and all of these mapping types are
		// indistinguishable in JSON.
		return cty.ObjectVal(vals)
	default:
		// Should never happen, since the above should cover all types
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknownAsBool cannot handle %#v", val))
	}
}

// recursively iterate through a marked cty.Value, replacing sensitive values
// with cty.True and non-sensitive values with cty.False.
//
// The result also normalizes some types: all sequence types are turned into
// tuple types and all mapping types are converted to object types, since we
// assume the result of this is just going to be serialized as JSON (and thus
// lose those distinctions) anyway.
//
// For map/object values, all non-sensitive attribute values will be omitted
// instead of returning false, as this results in a more compact serialization.
func sensitiveAsBool(val cty.Value) cty.Value {
	if val.HasMark("sensitive") {
		return cty.True
	}

	ty := val.Type()
	switch {
	case val.IsNull(), ty.IsPrimitiveType(), ty.Equals(cty.DynamicPseudoType):
		return cty.False
	case ty.IsListType() || ty.IsTupleType() || ty.IsSetType():
		if !val.IsKnown() {
			// If the collection is unknown we can't say anything about the
			// sensitivity of its contents
			return cty.EmptyTupleVal
		}
		length := val.LengthInt()
		if length == 0 {
			// If there are no elements then we can't have sensitive values
			return cty.EmptyTupleVal
		}
		vals := make([]cty.Value, 0, length)
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			_, v := it.Element()
			vals = append(vals, sensitiveAsBool(v))
		}
		// The above transform may have changed the types of some of the
		// elements, so we'll always use a tuple here in case we've now made
		// different elements have different types. Our ultimate goal is to
		// marshal to JSON anyway, and all of these sequence types are
		// indistinguishable in JSON.
		return cty.TupleVal(vals)
	case ty.IsMapType() || ty.IsObjectType():
		if !val.IsKnown() {
			// If the map/object is unknown we can't say anything about the
			// sensitivity of its attributes
			return cty.EmptyObjectVal
		}
		var length int
		switch {
		case ty.IsMapType():
			length = val.LengthInt()
		default:
			length = len(val.Type().AttributeTypes())
		}
		if length == 0 {
			// If there are no elements then we can't have sensitive values
			return cty.EmptyObjectVal
		}
		vals := make(map[string]cty.Value)
		it := val.ElementIterator()
		for it.Next() {
			k, v := it.Element()
			s := sensitiveAsBool(v)
			// Omit all of the "false"s for non-sensitive values for more
			// compact serialization
			if !s.RawEquals(cty.False) {
				vals[k.AsString()] = s
			}
		}
		// The above transform may have changed the types of some of the
		// elements, so we'll always use an object here in case we've now made
		// different elements have different types. Our ultimate goal is to
		// marshal to JSON anyway, and all of these mapping types are
		// indistinguishable in JSON.
		return cty.ObjectVal(vals)
	default:
		// Should never happen, since the above should cover all types
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("sensitiveAsBool cannot handle %#v", val))
	}
}

func actionString(action string) []string {
	switch {
	case action == "NoOp":
		return []string{"no-op"}
	case action == "Create":
		return []string{"create"}
	case action == "Delete":
		return []string{"delete"}
	case action == "Update":
		return []string{"update"}
	case action == "CreateThenDelete":
		return []string{"create", "delete"}
	case action == "Read":
		return []string{"read"}
	case action == "DeleteThenCreate":
		return []string{"delete", "create"}
	default:
		return []string{action}
	}
}

// encodePaths lossily encodes a cty.PathSet into an array of arrays of step
// values, such as:
//
//   [["length"],["triggers",0,"value"]]
//
// The lossiness is that we cannot distinguish between an IndexStep with string
// key and a GetAttr step. This is fine with JSON output, because JSON's type
// system means that those two steps are equivalent anyway: both are object
// indexes.
//
// JavaScript (or similar dynamic language) consumers of these values can
// recursively apply the steps to a given object using an index operation for
// each step.
func encodePaths(pathSet cty.PathSet) (json.RawMessage, error) {
	if pathSet.Empty() {
		return nil, nil
	}

	pathList := pathSet.List()
	jsonPaths := make([]json.RawMessage, 0, len(pathList))

	for _, path := range pathList {
		steps := make([]json.RawMessage, 0, len(path))
		for _, step := range path {
			switch s := step.(type) {
			case cty.IndexStep:
				key, err := ctyjson.Marshal(s.Key, s.Key.Type())
				if err != nil {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to marshal index step key %#v: %s", s.Key, err)
				}
				steps = append(steps, key)
			case cty.GetAttrStep:
				name, err := json.Marshal(s.Name)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to marshal get attr step name %#v: %s", s.Name, err)
				}
				steps = append(steps, name)
			default:
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unsupported path step %#v (%t)", step, step)
			}
		}
		jsonPath, err := json.Marshal(steps)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		jsonPaths = append(jsonPaths, jsonPath)
	}

	return json.Marshal(jsonPaths)
}