terraform/internal/backend/remote-state/consul/client.go

package consul

import (
	"bytes"
	"compress/gzip"
	"context"
	"crypto/md5"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	consulapi "github.com/hashicorp/consul/api"
	multierror "github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/internal/states/remote"
	"github.com/hashicorp/terraform/internal/states/statemgr"
)

const (
	lockSuffix     = "/.lock"
	lockInfoSuffix = "/.lockinfo"

	// The Session TTL associated with this lock.
	lockSessionTTL = "15s"

	// the delay time from when a session is lost to when the
	// lock is released by the server
	lockDelay = 5 * time.Second
	// interval between attempts to reacquire a lost lock
	lockReacquireInterval = 2 * time.Second
)

var lostLockErr = errors.New("consul lock was lost")

// RemoteClient is a remote client that stores data in Consul.
type RemoteClient struct {
	Client *consulapi.Client
	Path   string
	GZip   bool

	mu sync.Mutex
	// lockState is true if we're using locks
	lockState bool

	// The index of the last state we wrote.
	// If this is > 0, Put will perform a CAS to ensure that the state wasn't
	// changed during the operation. This is important even with locks, because
	// if the client loses the lock for some reason, then reacquires it, we
	// need to make sure that the state was not modified.
	modifyIndex uint64

	consulLock *consulapi.Lock
	lockCh     <-chan struct{}

	info *statemgr.LockInfo

	// cancel our goroutine which is monitoring the lock to automatically
	// reacquire it when possible.
	monitorCancel context.CancelFunc
	monitorWG     sync.WaitGroup

	// sessionCancel cancels the Context use for session.RenewPeriodic, and is
	// called when unlocking, or before creating a new lock if the lock is
	// lost.
	sessionCancel context.CancelFunc
}

func (c *RemoteClient) Get() (*remote.Payload, error) {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	kv := c.Client.KV()

	chunked, hash, chunks, pair, err := c.chunkedMode()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if pair == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}

	c.modifyIndex = pair.ModifyIndex

	var payload []byte
	if chunked {
		for _, c := range chunks {
			pair, _, err := kv.Get(c, nil)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			if pair == nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Key %q could not be found", c)
			}
			payload = append(payload, pair.Value[:]...)
		}
	} else {
		payload = pair.Value
	}

	// If the payload starts with 0x1f, it's gzip, not json
	if len(payload) >= 1 && payload[0] == '\x1f' {
		payload, err = uncompressState(payload)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	md5 := md5.Sum(payload)

	if hash != "" && fmt.Sprintf("%x", md5) != hash {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("The remote state does not match the expected hash")
	}

	return &remote.Payload{
		Data: payload,
		MD5:  md5[:],
	}, nil
}

func (c *RemoteClient) Put(data []byte) error {
	// The state can be stored in 4 different ways, based on the payload size
	// and whether the user enabled gzip:
	//  - single entry mode with plain JSON: a single JSON is stored at
	//	  "tfstate/my_project"
	//  - single entry mode gzip: the JSON payload is first gziped and stored at
	//    "tfstate/my_project"
	//  - chunked mode with plain JSON: the JSON payload is split in pieces and
	//    stored like so:
	//       - "tfstate/my_project" -> a JSON payload that contains the path of
	//         the chunks and an MD5 sum like so:
	//              {
	//              	"current-hash": "abcdef1234",
	//              	"chunks": [
	//              		"tfstate/my_project/tfstate.abcdef1234/0",
	//              		"tfstate/my_project/tfstate.abcdef1234/1",
	//              		"tfstate/my_project/tfstate.abcdef1234/2",
	//              	]
	//              }
	//       - "tfstate/my_project/tfstate.abcdef1234/0" -> The first chunk
	//       - "tfstate/my_project/tfstate.abcdef1234/1" -> The next one
	//       - ...
	//  - chunked mode with gzip: the same system but we gziped the JSON payload
	//    before splitting it in chunks
	//
	// When overwritting the current state, we need to clean the old chunks if
	// we were in chunked mode (no matter whether we need to use chunks for the
	// new one). To do so based on the 4 possibilities above we look at the
	// value at "tfstate/my_project" and if it is:
	//  - absent then it's a new state and there will be nothing to cleanup,
	//  - not a JSON payload we were in single entry mode with gzip so there will
	// 	  be nothing to cleanup
	//  - a JSON payload, then we were either single entry mode with plain JSON
	//    or in chunked mode. To differentiate between the two we look whether a
	//    "current-hash" key is present in the payload. If we find one we were
	//    in chunked mode and we will need to remove the old chunks (whether or
	//    not we were using gzip does not matter in that case).

	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	kv := c.Client.KV()

	// First we determine what mode we were using and to prepare the cleanup
	chunked, hash, _, _, err := c.chunkedMode()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	cleanupOldChunks := func() {}
	if chunked {
		cleanupOldChunks = func() {
			// We ignore all errors that can happen here because we already
			// saved the new state and there is no way to return a warning to
			// the user. We may end up with dangling chunks but there is no way
			// to be sure we won't.
			path := strings.TrimRight(c.Path, "/") + fmt.Sprintf("/tfstate.%s/", hash)
			kv.DeleteTree(path, nil)
		}
	}

	payload := data
	if c.GZip {
		if compressedState, err := compressState(data); err == nil {
			payload = compressedState
		} else {
			return err
		}
	}

	// default to doing a CAS
	verb := consulapi.KVCAS

	// Assume a 0 index doesn't need a CAS for now, since we are either
	// creating a new state or purposely overwriting one.
	if c.modifyIndex == 0 {
		verb = consulapi.KVSet
	}

	// The payload may be too large to store in a single KV entry in Consul. We
	// could try to determine whether it will fit or not before sending the
	// request but since we are using the Transaction API and not the KV API,
	// it grows by about a 1/3 when it is base64 encoded plus the overhead of
	// the fields specific to the Transaction API.
	// Rather than trying to calculate the overhead (which could change from
	// one version of Consul to another, and between Consul Community Edition
	// and Consul Enterprise), we try to send the whole state in one request, if
	// it fails because it is too big we then split it in chunks and send each
	// chunk separately.
	// When splitting in chunks, we make each chunk 524288 bits, which is the
	// default max size for raft. If the user changed it, we still may send
	// chunks too big and fail but this is not a setting that should be fiddled
	// with anyway.

	store := func(payload []byte) error {
		// KV.Put doesn't return the new index, so we use a single operation
		// transaction to get the new index with a single request.
		txOps := consulapi.KVTxnOps{
			&consulapi.KVTxnOp{
				Verb:  verb,
				Key:   c.Path,
				Value: payload,
				Index: c.modifyIndex,
			},
		}

		ok, resp, _, err := kv.Txn(txOps, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// transaction was rolled back
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("consul CAS failed with transaction errors: %v", resp.Errors)
		}

		if len(resp.Results) != 1 {
			// this probably shouldn't happen
			return fmt.Errorf("expected on 1 response value, got: %d", len(resp.Results))
		}

		c.modifyIndex = resp.Results[0].ModifyIndex

		// We remove all the old chunks
		cleanupOldChunks()

		return nil
	}

	if err = store(payload); err == nil {
		// The payload was small enough to be stored
		return nil
	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "too large") {
		// We failed for some other reason, report this to the user
		return err
	}

	// The payload was too large so we split it in multiple chunks

	md5 := md5.Sum(data)
	chunks := split(payload, 524288)
	chunkPaths := make([]string, 0)

	// First we write the new chunks
	for i, p := range chunks {
		path := strings.TrimRight(c.Path, "/") + fmt.Sprintf("/tfstate.%x/%d", md5, i)
		chunkPaths = append(chunkPaths, path)
		_, err := kv.Put(&consulapi.KVPair{
			Key:   path,
			Value: p,
		}, nil)

		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Then we update the link to point to the new chunks
	payload, err = json.Marshal(map[string]interface{}{
		"current-hash": fmt.Sprintf("%x", md5),
		"chunks":       chunkPaths,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return store(payload)
}

func (c *RemoteClient) Delete() error {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	kv := c.Client.KV()

	chunked, hash, _, _, err := c.chunkedMode()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, err = kv.Delete(c.Path, nil)

	// If there were chunks we need to remove them
	if chunked {
		path := strings.TrimRight(c.Path, "/") + fmt.Sprintf("/tfstate.%s/", hash)
		kv.DeleteTree(path, nil)
	}

	return err
}

func (c *RemoteClient) lockPath() string {
	// we sanitize the path for the lock as Consul does not like having
	// two consecutive slashes for the lock path
	return strings.TrimRight(c.Path, "/")
}

func (c *RemoteClient) putLockInfo(info *statemgr.LockInfo) error {
	info.Path = c.Path
	info.Created = time.Now().UTC()

	kv := c.Client.KV()
	_, err := kv.Put(&consulapi.KVPair{
		Key:   c.lockPath() + lockInfoSuffix,
		Value: info.Marshal(),
	}, nil)

	return err
}

func (c *RemoteClient) getLockInfo() (*statemgr.LockInfo, error) {
	path := c.lockPath() + lockInfoSuffix
	pair, _, err := c.Client.KV().Get(path, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if pair == nil {
		return nil, nil
	}

	li := &statemgr.LockInfo{}
	err = json.Unmarshal(pair.Value, li)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling lock info: %s", err)
	}

	return li, nil
}

func (c *RemoteClient) Lock(info *statemgr.LockInfo) (string, error) {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	if !c.lockState {
		return "", nil
	}

	c.info = info

	// These checks only are to ensure we strictly follow the specification.
	// Terraform shouldn't ever re-lock, so provide errors for the 2 possible
	// states if this is called.
	select {
	case <-c.lockCh:
		// We had a lock, but lost it.
		return "", errors.New("lost consul lock, cannot re-lock")
	default:
		if c.lockCh != nil {
			// we have an active lock already
			return "", fmt.Errorf("state %q already locked", c.Path)
		}
	}

	return c.lock()
}

// the lock implementation.
// Only to be called while holding Client.mu
func (c *RemoteClient) lock() (string, error) {
	// We create a new session here, so it can be canceled when the lock is
	// lost or unlocked.
	lockSession, err := c.createSession()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// store the session ID for correlation with consul logs
	c.info.Info = "consul session: " + lockSession

	// A random lock ID has been generated but we override it with the session
	// ID as this will make it easier to manually invalidate the session
	// if needed.
	c.info.ID = lockSession

	opts := &consulapi.LockOptions{
		Key:     c.lockPath() + lockSuffix,
		Session: lockSession,

		// only wait briefly, so terraform has the choice to fail fast or
		// retry as needed.
		LockWaitTime: time.Second,
		LockTryOnce:  true,

		// Don't let the lock monitor give up right away, as it's possible the
		// session is still OK. While the session is refreshed at a rate of
		// TTL/2, the lock monitor is an idle blocking request and is more
		// susceptible to being closed by a lower network layer.
		MonitorRetries: 5,
		//
		// The delay between lock monitor retries.
		// While the session has a 15s TTL plus a 5s wait period on a lost
		// lock, if we can't get our lock back in 10+ seconds something is
		// wrong so we're going to drop the session and start over.
		MonitorRetryTime: 2 * time.Second,
	}

	c.consulLock, err = c.Client.LockOpts(opts)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	lockErr := &statemgr.LockError{}

	lockCh, err := c.consulLock.Lock(make(chan struct{}))
	if err != nil {
		lockErr.Err = err
		return "", lockErr
	}

	if lockCh == nil {
		lockInfo, e := c.getLockInfo()
		if e != nil {
			lockErr.Err = e
			return "", lockErr
		}

		lockErr.Info = lockInfo

		return "", lockErr
	}

	c.lockCh = lockCh

	err = c.putLockInfo(c.info)
	if err != nil {
		if unlockErr := c.unlock(c.info.ID); unlockErr != nil {
			err = multierror.Append(err, unlockErr)
		}

		return "", err
	}

	// Start a goroutine to monitor the lock state.
	// If we lose the lock to due communication issues with the consul agent,
	// attempt to immediately reacquire the lock. Put will verify the integrity
	// of the state by using a CAS operation.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	c.monitorCancel = cancel
	c.monitorWG.Add(1)
	go func() {
		defer c.monitorWG.Done()
		select {
		case <-c.lockCh:
			log.Println("[ERROR] lost consul lock")
			for {
				c.mu.Lock()
				// We lost our lock, so we need to cancel the session too.
				// The CancelFunc is only replaced while holding Client.mu, so
				// this is safe to call here. This will be replaced by the
				// lock() call below.
				c.sessionCancel()

				c.consulLock = nil
				_, err := c.lock()
				c.mu.Unlock()

				if err != nil {
					// We failed to get the lock, keep trying as long as
					// terraform is running. There may be changes in progress,
					// so there's no use in aborting. Either we eventually
					// reacquire the lock, or a Put will fail on a CAS.
					log.Printf("[ERROR] could not reacquire lock: %s", err)
					time.Sleep(lockReacquireInterval)

					select {
					case <-ctx.Done():
						return
					default:
					}
					continue
				}

				// if the error was nil, the new lock started a new copy of
				// this goroutine.
				return
			}

		case <-ctx.Done():
			return
		}
	}()

	if testLockHook != nil {
		testLockHook()
	}

	return c.info.ID, nil
}

// called after a lock is acquired
var testLockHook func()

func (c *RemoteClient) createSession() (string, error) {
	// create the context first. Even if the session creation fails, we assume
	// that the CancelFunc is always callable.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	c.sessionCancel = cancel

	session := c.Client.Session()
	se := &consulapi.SessionEntry{
		Name:      consulapi.DefaultLockSessionName,
		TTL:       lockSessionTTL,
		LockDelay: lockDelay,
	}

	id, _, err := session.Create(se, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	log.Println("[INFO] created consul lock session", id)

	// keep the session renewed
	go session.RenewPeriodic(lockSessionTTL, id, nil, ctx.Done())

	return id, nil
}

func (c *RemoteClient) Unlock(id string) error {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	if !c.lockState {
		return nil
	}

	return c.unlock(id)
}

// the unlock implementation.
// Only to be called while holding Client.mu
func (c *RemoteClient) unlock(id string) error {
	// This method can be called in two circumstances:
	// - when the plan apply or destroy operation finishes and the lock needs to be released,
	// the watchdog stopped and the session closed
	// - when the user calls `terraform force-unlock <lock_id>` in which case
	// we only need to release the lock.

	if c.consulLock == nil || c.lockCh == nil {
		// The user called `terraform force-unlock <lock_id>`, we just destroy
		// the session which will release the lock, clean the KV store and quit.

		_, err := c.Client.Session().Destroy(id, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// We ignore the errors that may happen during cleanup
		kv := c.Client.KV()
		kv.Delete(c.lockPath()+lockSuffix, nil)
		kv.Delete(c.lockPath()+lockInfoSuffix, nil)

		return nil
	}

	// cancel our monitoring goroutine
	c.monitorCancel()

	defer func() {
		c.consulLock = nil

		// The consul session is only used for this single lock, so cancel it
		// after we unlock.
		// The session is only created and replaced holding Client.mu, so the
		// CancelFunc must be non-nil.
		c.sessionCancel()
	}()

	select {
	case <-c.lockCh:
		return lostLockErr
	default:
	}

	kv := c.Client.KV()

	var errs error

	if _, err := kv.Delete(c.lockPath()+lockInfoSuffix, nil); err != nil {
		errs = multierror.Append(errs, err)
	}

	if err := c.consulLock.Unlock(); err != nil {
		errs = multierror.Append(errs, err)
	}

	// the monitoring goroutine may be in a select on the lockCh, so we need to
	// wait for it to return before changing the value.
	c.monitorWG.Wait()
	c.lockCh = nil

	// This is only cleanup, and will fail if the lock was immediately taken by
	// another client, so we don't report an error to the user here.
	c.consulLock.Destroy()

	return errs
}

func compressState(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
	gz := gzip.NewWriter(b)
	if _, err := gz.Write(data); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := gz.Flush(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := gz.Close(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return b.Bytes(), nil
}

func uncompressState(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
	gz, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(data))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	b.ReadFrom(gz)
	if err := gz.Close(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return b.Bytes(), nil
}

func split(payload []byte, limit int) [][]byte {
	var chunk []byte
	chunks := make([][]byte, 0, len(payload)/limit+1)
	for len(payload) >= limit {
		chunk, payload = payload[:limit], payload[limit:]
		chunks = append(chunks, chunk)
	}
	if len(payload) > 0 {
		chunks = append(chunks, payload[:])
	}
	return chunks
}

func (c *RemoteClient) chunkedMode() (bool, string, []string, *consulapi.KVPair, error) {
	kv := c.Client.KV()
	pair, _, err := kv.Get(c.Path, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return false, "", nil, pair, err
	}
	if pair != nil {
		var d map[string]interface{}
		err = json.Unmarshal(pair.Value, &d)
		// If there is an error when unmarshaling the payload, the state has
		// probably been gziped in single entry mode.
		if err == nil {
			// If we find the "current-hash" key we were in chunked mode
			hash, ok := d["current-hash"]
			if ok {
				chunks := make([]string, 0)
				for _, c := range d["chunks"].([]interface{}) {
					chunks = append(chunks, c.(string))
				}
				return true, hash.(string), chunks, pair, nil
			}
		}
	}
	return false, "", nil, pair, nil
}